Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises

Stock Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises Section 2 Survey of Literature There are numerous inquires about made in stock Management of Nepalese Public undertakings and Private endeavors. The vast majority of them has made on the assembling endeavors. In this section endeavors has been made to introduce the audit of writing with respect to stock administration. 2.1 Conceptual Framework Stock Management The essayist (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) characterizes stock as any sort of symbol asset that has potential financial worth considered as bolted up capital. Stock is a rundown of products and materials which is accessible in stock by business (Saxena, 2009). Other compose (Li, 2007, p. 175) characterizes stock as the load of any things or assets utilized in an association. Stock comprises everything being equal and materials that are put away by an association which is saved for sometime later (Waters, 2003). As indicated by (Roy, 2005, p. 100) stock is rundown of merchandise or things. Stock administration is the dynamic control program which permits the administration of deals, buys and installments (Inventorymanagement). The creator (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) alludes stock administration as a procedure of overseeing crude materials, semi-completed items and completed items by a firm. The stock administration is a lot of the procedure and approaches that figures out what stock level ought to be kept up, what stock ought to be recharged and how huge request ought to be (Li, 2007, p. 175). As indicated by (Toomey, 2003, p. 1) stock administration is a part of business the executives which worried in arranging and controlling inventories. Compelling stock administration implies offering the ideal stock assistance level or amplifying your benefit while simultaneously keeping your absolute stock expenses as low as conceivable by; Choosing items that at first sell, well and ceasing those that quit selling. Buying the correct amount (the amount to purchase) Buying at the perfect time (when to purchase) Keeping your absolute stock interest in offset with the normal degrees of deals To control costs and improve benefit, it is important to effectively deal with each advantage we own. What's more, it is especially valid for the administration of products and material we purchase and keep ashore either far our own utilization or for resale. The objective of stock administration is to expand benefit on stock while expanding client administrations (Frazelle, 2002, p. 91) The word reference significance of stock will be load of products or a rundown of merchandise. Different creators characterize the word stock in their manners. In bookkeeping language may mean supply of completed products. In an assembling concern, it might incorporate crude materials, work in procedure and stores. To comprehend the specific significance of stock the word stock we may consider it structure the utilization side and from the purpose of section in the activity Among the various parts of the executives, stock administration is likewise one of the central point to assume noteworthy job in the board of material , part supplies, costs apparatuses , working procedure, completed items and afterward record on the books and support of store rooms, stockrooms by an association is known as stock administration . 2.2 Nature of Inventory The organization holds various types of inventories to acquire their objectives (Waters, 2003). Essentially we can isolate stock into three sections which are following, Crude material Work in progress Completed products (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) Crude Material The stocks or inventories and buy parts which isn't a piece of assembling process is called crude material (Toomey, 2003). Crude materials are those essential information sources that must be experienced the distinctive procedure to change over into completed products. Crude materials inventories are such sort of inventories which have been bought and put away for future assembling process. Crude materials are hold in store by assembling organization to smooth running of creation process. The creator characterizes crude material as those sorts of stocks which is imported from providers and are store until required for fabricate (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress Work in progress alludes to stock units that are at present being chipped away at (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress inventories are neither a completed item nor crude materials. It is center of crude materials and completed item. The creator (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) characterizes work in progress (WIP) inventories are those sorts of inventories which are in various period of fruition all through the assembling procedure. It is hard to isolate which materials are WIP and which are definitely not. Since similar materials might be a crude material in one industry and same material might be a WIP just as completed merchandise in other industry. It relies on nature of creation. Completed merchandise The completed merchandise stock speaks to items that are prepared available to be purchased. As indicated by (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) completed merchandise are those things which are anticipating shipment to clients. Completed merchandise inventories incorporates all the finished items which going to be sold (Muller, 2003, pp. 19-20).These are products completely fabricated investigated and prepared for dispatch to a client. In assembling firm, these are the last yield of the creation procedure. Loads of completed merchandise are held by assembling and non-producing organization for showcase activity. 2.3 Purpose of stock Stock is the most imperative to all assembling association in todays mechanical world and it assumes essential job to exist the organization. So it is important to oversee it appropriately in light of the fact that the two circumstances of inventories either exorbitant or deficient are not worthy to the firm. There are two bigger focuses inside which the firm ought to work. The target of stock administration ought to be to decide and keep up ideal degree of stock venture. The ideal degree of stock will lie between two risk purposes of exorbitant and lacking inventories. As per (Wild, 2002, p. 7) the propose of the stock administration work in supporting in the business exercises is to improve the three areas client administrations, stock expense and working expense. The creator alludes about reason for stock like this the stock is made when flexibly overabundances the interest. The primary motivation behind holding the stock in the organization is to keep from deficiency of crude materials, anticipated interest, to acquire benefit (Li, 2007, p. 176). Firm ought to consistently mindful from over venture or under-interest in the inventories. Over speculation and under interest in stock is unfortunate for the organization. Due to over speculation into stock, causes superfluous bind to up and the sum which we cannot put resources into other reason, expanding conveying costs, danger of liquidity. Unreasonable conveying costs will straightforwardly impact in the organization benefit. Due to over inventories; it may not be conceivable to sell them in time and at full worth. Likeness, WIP is undeniably progressively hard to sell on the grounds that as we said before WIP isn't done merchandise. Similarly completed products stock should sold at low costs because of fall in the cost in advertise and the occasional variables. Along these lines, greater interest in inventories is unsafe to maker/organization. It ought to be chopped down. So also, under interest in inventories additionally not useful for organization. It conveys a few issues, for example, creation hold-ups, visit creation interferences. Whenever completed merchandise are not adequate, we don't satisfy the clients need and our generosity likewise misfortune. In this manner, the goals of stock administration ought to be neither unreasonable nor insufficient degree of inventories however keeping up adequate stock level for the smooth creation and deals activities. An ideal degree of stock ought to be resolved based on the exchange off among expenses and advantages. The different significance of stock administration can be summed up as follows: Consistency Lack of quality of gracefully Value assurance Lower requesting cost Foreseen request 2.7 Procedure of Inventory Management These are part of capacity must be accomplished For the accomplishment of its destinations business plays out a wide assortment of capacity, specifically creation, promoting, faculty, office innovative work of these creation and advertising are essential working capacities in an average business venture. Promoting is worried about the interest side of merchandise and enterprises, while creation is worried about the flexibly side. One can't exist without other; be that as it may, choices about the creation exercises comprise one of the most significant elements of the top administration. Creation is worried about the arrangement of products and enterprises for the fulfillment of the client needs. In this way the buyer relies on the great affordable and effective creation framework great stock administration there ought to be utilized various exercises in should strategy or way. General exercises, for example, buying, getting, store-keeping and giving and evaluating are the technique o f stock administration. They are depicted as follows: 2.7.1 Purchasing Buying is the support with regards to fulfilling client needs (Johnson, 2010) . Buying is the most significant capacity of stock administration to choose the providers, since it brings huge putting something aside for the association (Elanchezhian, et al 2010). All association need different sorts of information like products and ventures structure outside providers. The scholars ( Baily, Farmer, Jessop, jones, 2005, pp. 3-4) characterize buying as to obtain right amount of material, at the opportune time, in the correct amount, from the correct source, at the correct cost. In straightforward words buying is identify with going the open market finding the require materials at the least cost and choosing the provider who offers it at that cost having the nature of the materials in minds. Truth be told the procedure of stock administration starts with buying .The requirement for specific materials starts buying in a firm. A decent buying mana

Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy Free Essays

Imprint Twain is generally viewed as probably the best author throughout the entire existence of the United States, having spun numerous essential and notable stories in his own imaginative and one of a kind style. Held high in this situation as an extraordinary â€Å"American† writer, Twain played with the production of an all inclusive showstopper in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Notwithstanding, pundits differ on whether Twain’s work with Huckleberry Finn genuinely arrives at the height of a perfect work of art, and that contradiction comes from the course the creator decided for his decision. We will compose a custom article test on Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now T. S Eliot sees Twain’s finishing as consistent with his style and the remainder of the novel. Leo Marx finds that the consummation surrenders the clear objectives of the novel, leaving the work shy of greatness. Twain wandered into the field of enormity by consolidating two immortally exemplary components, and giving them a role as the focal â€Å"characters† of his work. As indicated by Eliot, Twain utilizes the â€Å"character† of the Mississippi River to identify with all nature, and he utilizes the title character of Huckleberry Finn to identify with the kid of humankind. Twain utilizes the previous to control the story and the last to encounter it. He draws in the peruser with his mark, effectively got to account and constructs a solid establishment from these two general components. The main genuine inquiry is the result; can the quality of the start be brought all the way to the finish? This is the place banter results, for Twain apparently leaves from the way he has laid all through the novel to get the story to goals a way predictable with Twain’s composing, yet less with the built up course of this novel. Pundits, for example, T. S. Eliot, see the story’s finishing, loaded up with the game-like endeavors of the Tom Sawyer to free Jim, as an approach to take the peruser back to the sentiments of the start of the novel. It is a situation with which I can't differ more. Rather, it is the perspective on Leo Marx that I see as the best dismemberment of the completion of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, one loaded up with imperfections, noteworthy enough that they â€Å"jeopardize the noteworthiness of the whole novel. † (Marx 291) Marx calls attention to that the start of Huck’s venture with Jim has one explicit objective, the objective to get Jim to opportunity. This is clarified when Huck finds the Duke and the Dauphin have sold Jim, making Huck state: After this long excursion . . . here was everything come to nothing, everything all beat down and demolished, in light of the fact that they could have the heart to erve Jim such a stunt as, that, and make him a slave again for his entire life, and among outsiders, as well, for forty messy dollars. (199) Marx states â€Å"Huck realizes that the excursion will have been a disappointment except if it takes Jim to opportunity. (294) However, toward the finish of the book we find through Tom that Jim is as of now free. The effect of this disclosure undermines the whole reason for the excursion, and decreases the occasions en route. Perhaps the most baffling part of the consummation is Tom’s plan to free Jim from the horse shelter. Loaded up with diversion and games, the liberating of Huck’s dear companion is made into a joke. This comes sometime later that (1), Huck has made his excursion down the stream a journey for Jim’s opportunity, and (2), Huck’s â€Å"growth in stature† (as described by Marx, p. 296) has raised the tone of the story past sham. Two of the most unmistakable instances of this development †Huck’s choice to â€Å"go to hell† instead of let Jim be sold go into servitude, and his distress felt for the Duke and Dauphin while seeing them come up short on town, publicly shamed, by the irate townsfolk †are trivialized for a couple of chuckles toward the end. We accept that we have encountered a transformation of Huck. Beginning as a guileless and uninformed youngster, suspicious about the methods of society, we are persuade that Huck at last has a grip on being human, just as a â€Å"mature mixing of his intuitive doubt of human thought processes with his ability for feel sorry for. † (Marx 295) Huck’s interest in Tom’s plot not just forfeits the character development that appeared to be a focal topic of Twain’s story to that point, yet in addition appears to speak to a misusing of the contention distinguished by Marx the contrast between â€Å"what individuals do when they act as people and what they do when constrained into jobs forced upon them by society. (Marx 300) Huck is very much aware of his objective: opportunity for Jim. The backslide of his character without equivalent mindfulness is illogical without clarification from the creator. As Marx calls attention to: The contention between what individuals think they rely on and what social weight drives them to d o is fundamental to the novel. It is available to the brain of Huck and, surely, represents his most genuine inward clashes. He knows how he feels about Jim, however he recognizes what he is relied upon to do about Jim. 300) The possibility of opportunity in the psyches of Huck and Jim are not the same as the basic meaning of opportunity, â€Å"for opportunity in this book explicitly implies opportunity from society and its imperatives† as indicated by Marx (p. 303) The opportunity looked for by Huck and Jim is opportunity both in the strict feeling of being liberated from subjection, and in the non-literal feeling of being liberated from society’s desires. In any case, given Huck’s faulty choice to oblige Tom, Huck surrenders to social weight by and by. He has surrendered to they ways which we were persuade he had survived; he has surrendered to the one show he set out to escape from in any case. It is with the presence of Tom, that Huck’s journey for opportunity no longer appears to be so significant, despite the fact that he was formerly willing to â€Å"go to hell† for what he had so tirelessly battled for en route. The thought, the objective, is depreciated for no unmistakable explanation. Such a takeoff of character can't go just unaddressed by the creator. With Huck moving go into the silly job we saw in the start of the novel, we likewise observe one more character all the while relapsing, Jim. The dreary, debasing activities of the young men, with an end goal to free Jim, are from the start noted by Jim thusly. Be that as it may, he rapidly turns out to be mysteriously accommodating and tolerating of what the young men are doing to him. This looks somewhat like the Jim introduced to the peruser when the two associates were on the waterway. Twice Huck pulls functional pranks on Jim, and twice Jim gets him out as being ill bred, pernicious, and rude. Furthermore, presently, with opportunity close, the peruser is normal acknowledge that Jim’s energy for opportunity and prejudice of rubbish has excessively disappeared alongside the development of Huck. Precisely how Twain anticipates that this should be acceptable by the perusers is sketchy, lamentably an answer is never advertised. Rather, Twain apparently excuses the development of his heroes and resorts to the simple western satire style from prior in the novel. In the perspective on Eliot, this arrival to the starting feel of the novel is an ideal case of extraordinary scholarly structure. Rather, this arrival is just the evident annihilation of our apparently developing hero. Eliot’s contention that this arrival is of incredible structure makes Marx note in answer, â€Å"A bound together work should definitely show rationality of significance and away from of theme,† and this relapse of character neglects to do either. With the closure of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being so plainly chronicled by Marx as an inability to finish the started subject, it is left uniquely to see Eliot’s contention for the enormity of the completion as a contention invalidated. As clear as Marx’s narrative, it is similarly evident that â€Å"Huck Finn’s assailing issue [is] the difference between his best motivations and the conduct the network endeavored to force upon him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Marx 304). It is this difference that needs goals so as to have a legitimate closure of Huckleberry Finn. It is the change of the character, Huck Finn, through movement, not relapse that would make the book an unadulterated work of greatness. Step by step instructions to refer to Huckleberry Finn Ending Controversy, Papers

Mobile Commerce Basics What, Why, and How

Mobile Commerce Basics What, Why, and How The internet and other technological advances have certainly changed the way we do things today. Even the most mundane things can now be accomplished through various ways and means, which have a lot to do with technology. Just look at customer behavior, particularly on how they shop and where they shop, and you will see a marked difference from the time before the internet and e-commerce came about.For a while, e-commerce has been a major catchphrase in business. E-commerce, also known as  electronic commerce, was about trading products and services via the internet and other computer networks and electronic systems. These activities include, but are not limited to, banking, insurance, advertising and warehousing. Even transportation transactions were also completed using e-commerce. Basically, e-commerce was broadly referred to as conducting business on the internet.The evolution of how we transact did not stop there. The increasing usage of mobile and telecommunication devices acte d as another precursor to change, and that change led to the rise of mobile commerce, also known as m-commerce. © Shutterstock.com | tovovanIn this guide, you will understand 1) what is mobile commerce and what are its unique features, 2) what use cases are enabled by mobile commerce, 3) what issues are related to mobile commerce, and 4) what mobile commerce trends weve identified.MOBILE COMMERCE DEFINEDThe simplest way to describe mobile commerce would be the buying and selling of products â€" or the conduct of commercial transactions and activities â€" through telecommunication and other mobile devices that run or operate on wireless network technologies.It is safe to say that m-commerce is an upgraded version of e-commerce. In fact, m-commerce has been defined as the conduct of e-commerce activities using mobile or cellular devices. If business transactions involve the use of wireless telecommunication networks, then it is highly likely to fall under m-commerce.While terminologies such as internet banking, electronic money transfers and online shopping were very exciting and phenomenalin t he past decade, what excites consumers now is mobile banking, money transfer via mobile and mobile bookings among many others.Some fun facts on mobile commerce.[slideshare id=24292822doc=50must-knowmobilecommercefactsandstatisticsmobify-130716072744-phpapp01w=640h=330]M-commerce vs. E-commerceBetween e-commerce and m-commerce, the latter is the newer concept, seeing as mobile technology had not exploded until about two decades after the internet was able to be used to conduct commercial transactions using electronic systems.While e-commerce mainly makes use of computers, and requires internet connectivity, m-commerce uses mobile devices such as smartphones, PDAs, tablets and it relies mainly on an internet connection provided by wireless telecommunication networks.One of the major advantages of m-commerce over e-commerce is portability and flexibility. While internet connectivity is required in e-commerce, that is not the case in mobile commerce since these devices come with their o wn connection to the internet using telecommunication networks. Since the mobile devices are also smaller and more portable, users can literally conduct commercial activities anywhere, even in places with no electricity. This means, that usage of m-commerce is also broader, thanks to this portability feature.The rise of m-commerce has certainly boosted e-commerce as a whole, since users are given more options on the platform and tools, and a majority of the limitations that they have encountered in e-commerce do not exist in m-commerce.M-commerce vs. M-businessThere is a growing confusion regarding the concepts of m-commerce and m-business (or mobile business), with many people believing that they are one and the same. The given definition of m-business is that it is the “ability to interact and transact with anyone, anytime, anywhere, using wireless communications”. That definition is already very broad to be applied to m-commerce, which is limited to the “buying and selling of products and services over the internet through the use of mobile or cellular devices”.Therefore, it can be said that m-commerce is simply one of the many aspects of m-business.Unique Features of M-CommerceIn order to fully understand what sets mobile commerce apart from e-commerce and m-business, it is a good idea to take a look at its unique features, which can be clearly seen in its advantages.Mobility and ubiquityMobile commerce involves the use of portable mobile or cellular devices, such as mobile phones, smartphones and tablets.Portability results in closer proximity between businesses and their consumers, meaning it is now possible for businesses to reach their target audience faster. The parties are not restricted by physical or geographical locations when doing commerce, be it purchasing a product, completing a bank transaction, or even bidding on an auction. In addition, the technology and devices that power mobile commerce are also available and readily accessible. As such, the probability of the businesses making a sale is also higher.Electricity requirementIn e-commerce, a constant connection to an electric outlet is mandatory to power the devices. Thanks to the increased usage and flexibility of mobile devices which come with their own batteries, shopping via mobile devices is possible even without electricity.Comfort, convenience and spontaneityMany people prefer making their purchases over their desktop or laptop computers, in the comfort of their own homes or offices, instead of making that trip to the physical store or location of the goods or services that they want to buy.However, there are even more people who find it more convenient to do their shopping on their mobile phones, and they can do this while sipping some latte at a coffee shop or even in a bus or train as they travel. There is no need to rush home or to the office to access the computer in order to buy something. All users have to do is whip out their tablets of phones a nd do their shopping from there.This is a nice presentation on the Mobile Commerce Playbook which provides a deeper look into m-commerce.[slideshare id=43926553doc=mobilecommerceplaybook-150126202507-conversion-gate02w=640h=330]USES OF MOBILE COMMERCEAside from making purchases through apps on mobile devices, other m-commerce examples include purchase of ringtones, games and music online. Mobile ticket bookings and mobile parking meter payments are also m-commerce applications. While large purchases, such as purchase of real estate and automobiles, are still being worked on, there is no doubt that there will soon come a time when these major transactions may also be completed on mobile devices.The most common products and services on mobile commerce that are seen today are:Mobile banking. Inquire about your bank balance, manage your bank accounts, remit money and transact with your bank through your mobile phone.Mobile browsing and purchase. Shopping can now be done on your mobile d evice and if something catches your eye, you can immediately purchase it while browsing. This is made faster and easier if the merchant has an app, instead of browsing their website on your phone.Mobile content purchase and delivery. This is no longer a new concept, since this is one of the earliest forms of mobile commerce. You can purchase mobile content such as music, games, movies, ringtones, wallpapers and even apps, and they will be sent directly to your mobile phone.Mobile ATM. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) transactions, specifically, cash-in and cash-out transactions, are now considered for widespread mobile application. At present, only a select countries and mobile companies (such as Hungary’s Vodafone) allow the payment â€" through cash or bank card â€" of phone bills.Mobile money transfers. Now, money can be transferred through the use of mobile devices.Information and location-based services. Sometimes users may not necessarily want to purchase anything, but they wou ld still be interested in receiving information, such as news, local weather, stock and financial quotes, movie and TV programming schedules, traffic reports and even sports scores.Mobile advertising. People check their mobile phones more often than they do their desktop computers, so marketers and advertisers believe that they will be able to catch the attention of their target consumers better if they send the promotional and marketing materials directly to them through their mobile devices.Mobile ticketing, vouchers and coupons. Tickets, vouchers, coupons and even loyalty cards are now sent to users on their mobile phones. Since they are in digital form, all that is required would be to present these tickets, vouchers or cards, in order to get the service or benefits that they entail.Mobile commerce may be conducted using a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a phablet, a notebook or, in some cases, a laptop. Basically, any device that has these two features may be used to supp ort mobile commerce:Portable and mobileHas the ability to gain access to a networkWhen we speak of mobile commerce, the first devices that come to mind are mobile phones. Mobile devices, as a whole, are known for their ubiquity, identifiability, and context awareness. In other words, mobile device users can access the resources that they need from practically anywhere. All users of the cellular network make use of a Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) card, which serves as their unique identity when accessing the network, and mobile devices are also designed with the ability to be geo-located.There are a number of reasons why more users prefer using mobile devices in transactions and commercial activities.Mobile devices improve efficiency. The use of mobile devices will reduce the costs usually associated with the delivery of goods and services, such as warehousing and storage costs and the cost of maintaining physical locations and stores of businesses.Mobile devices promote tim eliness. If you have a mobile device, transactions may be done in real-time, and this also spurs the businesses to get right away to fulfill their end of the transaction.Mobile devices improve communications and relationships between the parties involved. The instant connection made through mobile devices results in better relations between businesses and their suppliers, sellers, customers and distributors. It also cuts through the time (and costs) that would have been used or spent on dealing with middlemen, since communication is done directly. Customer loyalty and retention are also strengthened.Mobile devices offer a wider “reach”. From the looks of things, the use of mobile devices is not a passing trend. In fact, we can see it playing an even bigger role in business in the future, and so we expect more businesses to adopt mobile commerce, if only to be able to enter bigger markets and reach a wider target audience.ISSUES ON MOBILE COMMERCEMobile commerce is not perfect, j ust as e-commerce is not without its challenges and problems. It is then up to adopters of m-commerce to deal with these issues accordingly.Security and Privacy IssuesThis is a concern that is also seen in e-commerce, or practically any transaction over the internet. Users still harbor a certain level of distrust when it comes to internet and network security, and this has translated over to mobile commerce. It is for this reason that, although there are capabilities available to mobile users, they do not make use of them. They simply do not have enough trust that they are protected or that the content they will download is completely safe to use.Apps, for instance, are often met with skepticism by users. App developers are thus becoming increasingly motivated to create apps that will dash away all the doubts of users regarding their security.Users are naturally protective when it comes to sharing their personal information and payment details. Incidents of identity theft and hackin g that lead to stolen money certainly are not helping.Mobile Website Design IssuesAdopters of mobile commerce have one important aspect that must be paid attention to, if they want to make a success of their mobile commerce efforts and, in the process, even help their traditional sales. That is to make sure that they have a mobile-friendly website.Certainly, the biggest hurdle would be the small screen sizes. There is only so much that you can fit on a small screen size, but still be able to fully convey the message that you want. Therefore, adopters of mobile commerce need to pay attention to the design of their mobile websites.Studies show that consumers’ purchasing decisions are affected by how mobile-friendly â€" or unfriendly, for that matter â€" the website is. There are businesses that think that, as long as their websites are viewable on the small screens of mobile devices, that is enough. Apparently, that is not the case, because users also tend to be put off from making any purchase when they come across a mobile-unfriendly website.Mobile MarketingWhile the general concepts are the same, mobile commerce also calls for marketing that is specifically designed for mobile use. This is called mobile marketing, which covers mobile email marketing and mobile content marketing. Marketers must adapt their strategies while taking into account the implications of making that shift to mobile. After all, the customer experience of mobile users will be slightly different from that of consumers in traditional methods of doing business.TRENDS IN MOBILE COMMERCEMobile commerce is here to stay, and so industries have two choices: to adopt mobile commerce or stay away from it completely. However, competitiveness would dictate that they should consider adopting mobile commerce, considering how a larger part of the world now uses mobile devices even for simple activities such as making bank balance inquiries.Ever-increasing mobile internet usageAccording to the Interna tional Data Corporation, 44% of the population of the world â€" that is around 3.2 billion people â€" will have internet access before the end of 2016 and, out of those 3.2 billion people, 2 billion are mobile users. This number is predicted to increase by more than 25% annually over the next five years.If you look at smartphone subscriptions, you will notice that the numbers are growing. Today, the estimated number of global subscriptions is around 2.6 billion. That number is predicted to increase up to 6.1 billion in less than 4 years. And we are talking here of smartphone users only, which account for roughly 70% of the total number of mobile or cellular phone users all over the world.Global mobile expansionIt is no longer just the western world that is making use of mobile devices, internet and mobile technology for its commercial transactions. Emerging markets, particularly in the Asia Pacific and the Middle East, are commanding attention. China, India and Indonesia are seen to be taking on bigger roles in mobile commerce, as their wireless networks are growing and expanding.By 2020, it is forecasted that Asia Pacific, Africa and the Middle East will comprise 80% of all new mobile or cellular subscriptions.Shift of marketing efforts to mobileEven advertisers and marketers are now slowly integrating mobile marketing to their plans and programs, with advertisers taking more note of the market’s online behavior. Online advertising is certainly becoming more pronounced, and many companies are actually starting to transition to online advertising, while only maintaining a minimum investment in traditional marketing methods.Introduction of new mobile devices and applicationsManufacturers of mobile devices are certainly on a roll, churning out new products almost every quarter, with their features becoming increasingly advanced and with more functionalities. Mobile app developers are following suit, designing m-commerce applications to be functional and user-f riendly on any mobile device.Development of new technologiesIt seems that the most brilliant minds on the planet are coming out with new mobile technologies to facilitate the conduct, or processing, of transactions. For example, new payment options that are designed to integrate seamlessly with mobile applications are developed. The mobile wallet, for one, allows users to conduct monetary transactions using their smartphones.One other technology that has been developed and is increasingly seen as an excellent tool in m-commerce is Near-Field-Communication, also referred to as NFC. Instead of mobile devices connecting through a wireless network, they need only have to be in close proximity with each other.

How Cell Phone have Impacted the World - 787 Words

Cell Phones Throughout all of history expectant mothers always wanted to have a way to announce to others the gender of their child, and now they can. Mothers can now show the gender of their children easier with the use of their cell phone; they just take a picture and send it in an instant. Cell phones were first invented by Dr. Martin Cooper, who worked for the Company Motorola (Oak) Cell phones have made an impact on many things including society, culture and a multitude of other areas such as fashion. The significance cell phones have made in the U.S. has endless tasks it can help people do. Cell phones have allowed everyone to have communication wherever they go. Special pant pockets and compartments for bags were made in the mid-nineties designed for a place to put a cell phone (The History of the Mobile Phone). Fashion isn’t the only thing that cell phones have changed; it affected commercials, movies and music. Commercials and movies have been changed because as time has gone on, more and more people have, or are interested in having a cell phone, so the cell phones show up in more and more movie and commercials (The History of the Mobile Phone). The face of music has been changed because now cell phones allow anyone to download music from anywhere instead of having to buy music at a store (The History of the Mobile Phone). Interactions from the crowds at concerts are different because instead of the crowds using lighters, now people can just pull out theirShow MoreRelatedTelephone Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how different life would be if the telephone was never invented? One of the most powerful, and controversial, inventions has been that of the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, had no idea that what he invented would eventually change the world. 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From a simple cellular phone only capable of making phone calls, to today’s smartphones that have effectively changed the way we interact with one another. Although there will always be opponents of technology, there is no denying that is has positively impacted modern society, and the way we live, work, andRead MoreSOC 100 Week 5 Assignment Technology and Social Change Essay examples1152 Words   |  5 PagesHoward SOC/100 June 1, 2015 Instructor: Christa Raines Technology and Social Change Introduction This report will examine how changes in technology are affected by society, in turn, how the society that produced this technology is impacted by this creation. 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The cell phone was invented by Dr. Martin Cooper who led a team of developers at Motorola and madeRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives987 Words   |  4 Pagesthis world till the time we leave, technology is part of who we are and what we do, yet we take for granted the inventions that make our lives a little more comfortable, happier, and a little less lonely. Through technology time and space seem to diminish; creating a connection between people that otherwise would not have existed. Once a piece of technology becomes part of everyday use, it melds into people’s lives seamlessly and future generations won’t know a time without it. The cell phone is oneRead MoreEssay on The Invention of the Cell Phone1006 Words   |  5 Pagesnot own a cell phone. There are ten year old children running around with iPhones. Cell phones have become such an important part of society. They have come along way with the advancements made in technology to allow these phones to do more than you would think possible. We now not only use them to contact people, but use them for social media, to take pictures, surf the web, and get information at the touch of our fingers. It is crazy to think that at one point there were no cell phones. WithoutRead MoreDigital Revolution1172 Words   |  5 Pagesare consumers of how, why, when, and where they do or don’t buy a good or a service, it is a study of understanding their decisions in buying a product. Digital revolution has generated a change in the world, which will change basically everything, from the way we live, our perspectives and especially our future. With the introduction of technology and digital tools, our future has changed in a number of ways and in this essay will talk about how digital revolution has impacted marketing and consumerRead MoreEssay on The Negative Affects of Cell Phone Use1721 Words   |  7 Pagesowning a cell phone (Jerpi, 2013), it becomes obvious that cell phones have become a staple device in today’s society. Although cell phones offer convenience, they arguably come with negative affects. Cell Phones have become one of the fastest emerging technologies (Campbell, 2006). With 87 percent of American adults and teenagers owning a cell phone (Jerpi, 2013), it becomes obvious that cell phones have become a staple device in today’s society. Since the release of the first cell phone, they have

My Daughter has Taught Me Anything Is Possible Essay example

On March 14 of last year, my husband and I welcomed our beautiful little girl into the world. It was not an ideal arrival, and we certainly were not prepared for the inevitable chain of events that would occur. I remember the setting with such clarity and precision that it seems somehow unreal; a figment of an overactive imagination. It was around 11:20PM and I had been in labor for 17 hours. We were anxiously awaiting the moment we would finally get to meet our little girl. At 11:46PM, the doctor told me to give one more big push. I was so exhausted but determined to do my best, there was a reward at the end of this marathon. A nurse pushed my husband out of the way and jumped on top of my stomach. It was such a dramatic event, it seemed†¦show more content†¦I had a lump in my throat, my stomach was all in knots and I was fighting back the urge to scream with rage. My husband and I knew our daughter would have a cleft lip from an ultrasound I had at thirty two weeks pregnant, we did not know the extent of the birth defect. We also knew what an imperforated anus was. His brother was born with a rare association, VATERs. It is an acronym for a variety of birth defects. V for vertebrae, A for anal imperforation, T for trachea and R for renal. We both assumed our daughter had this as well, even though statistics state it was less than a one percent chance of being a genetic disease. His brother had twenty two surgeries before his second birthday, so I knew we were in for a long road. I was so upset, I couldnt believe this was happening to us, to my sweet new baby girl. I kept asking God, Why her? Why would you subject such a sweet innocent child to this? Isnt putting Josh (my husbands brother) through this enough? I knew I had to make a choice, I could be bitter or I could be strong for my daughter. I chose strength and asked my husband to please m eet the care flight team at OU Childrens hospital. I stayed up and prayed all night for my sweet angel. The next morning, I was discharged from Norman Regional hospital. My doctor completely understoodShow MoreRelatedRoles Of A Grand Son1325 Words   |  6 Pageshuman being on earth has their own unique set of roles, and statuses. There are two kinds, ascribed, and achieved. An ascribed role, is a role that a person is born into, examples include the role of a grand son, or a Canadian. Achieved roles, are roles that a person has to work to acquire, examples include; a teacher, or a politician. Two roles that I currently possess are a university student, and a daughter, each of these roles has molded me into who I am, and decided my place in the social hierarchyRead MoreKey Factors For Being An Effective Manager1726 Words   |  7 Pagestransformational leaders. 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Brain research and full day kindergarten Free Essays

string(134) " children as active learners, not jugs waiting to be filled or blank slates waiting to be written upon \(Handelman, Auerbach 2000, p\." Education is an important aspect of the human life and society. Today, it is quite noticeable how the society has institutionalized education and the educational system. Today, individuals start schooling as early as four or five years of age. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain research and full day kindergarten or any similar topic only for you Order Now The common entry point for schooling is kindergarten. All around the world, many parents send their children to schools for kindergarten, with many different expectations, but mostly in the belief that this is a solid starting point that can help the child be ready for the next step in his or her education. Over the years, kindergarten has become increasingly important, especially during the time when researchers have found out the connection on dendrite growth and academic stimulation. This made them believe that if individuals are submitted to academic stimulation in the earliest time possible, this can impact significantly his mental faculty and capacity. Brain development has been responsible for the new perspective and approach to kindergarten leading the change and shift from half day to full day. However, it appears that in analysis, even with the merit of this model hypothetically, unanimous approval and appreciation for this scheme is still to be achieved considering how sectors of the society are reacting differently and in varied fashion regarding this issue. This is an important aspect of discussion and exploration regarding full day kindergarten scheme and the brain development premise. History Kindergarten Kindergarten came to America from Germany, the term meaning children’s garden. Friedrich Froebel and Margethe Meyer Schurz are two of the leading personalities who began the practice of kindergarten (Persky, Golubchick, 1991, p. 263). As the name implies, it refers to a system and a place wherein children are brought together and is being prepared for formal schooling. Kindergarten, as a form of preparatory stage, at first, was focused on making children possess sufficient social skills to allow them to interact correctly with other individuals during formal schooling. Kindergarten education prepares them by teaching basic things which they will need in formal schooling and will serve as foundation of what they will learn and how they will learn in formal schooling. Kindergarten eventually spread all around the world. Educators working in kindergarten follow learning models as well as educational theories that make the kindergarten experience useful and constructive for the child. Kindergarten originally was just a half day session, with educators thinking that half a day is enough schooling for individuals this age (Persky, Golubchick, 1991, p. 263). This was changed when scientists put forward the discovery involving the brain and its development (Eden, 2008, p. 214). During this stage and age, the role of intervention and the resulting conclusion that if this was the case, then it is important that the child is correctly and sufficiently prepared, therefore the shift from half day to all-day or full day or whole day kindergarten scheme. Half day to full day kindergarten From purely being half-day sessions, changes and developments and new perspectives regarding kindergarten education surfaced and resulted in the change from half day to all-day or whole day sessions. There were two important factors that led to the shift from half day to whole day or all-day kindergarten – the scientific basis and the practical basis. No one knows for sure which came first. Is the practical need for all-day kindergarten inspired researchers to look at any possible scientific credence this option might possess? Or was it the other way around and was a case of scientific intuition among professionals leading to the discovery of the scientific basis for all day kindergarten? This, in turn, made parents realize that besides the scientific basis, this option also has practical significance for them and the children that support and popularity for all-day kindergarten grew especially across America, as well as in other parts of the world. Regardless of this chicken-and-egg condition, it is nonetheless important to discuss both aspects affecting the creation of and the shaping of all-day kindergarten as it is known to day. a. Scientific basis – The main artery of the shift from half day to all day or whole day kindergarten is based on the discovery on the brain, in particular, the development that is happening in the brain when it is being subjected to academic stimulation at an early age. Professionals who were involved in this scientific study explain that dendrites grew when under academic stimulation. Dendrites are found in the brain. They are important in the learning ability and processes of the human beings. Their development is important in the mental faculty of an individual. In layman’s terms, the growth and branching out of dendrites indicate active mental practices and exercises which in turn allows for improved processes of the mental faculty or thinking. Professionals as well as neuroscientists have already connected the growth and branching out of dendrites when under academic stimulation. This is proof that when the brain is exposed to academic stimulation or learning process especially in the early formative years, the physiological make up of the individual, particularly the brain develops and adjusts depending on what it is being subjected to. Therefore the child’s mind is subjected to longer academic stimulation that can be an important factor for mental growth and capability in the future. This is the main premise of the scientific basis of the full day kindergarten scheme. Professionals argue that it is important that â€Å"we must look at our children’s entry point into education (Miller, Gore, 2007, p. 140). † â€Å"New research into brain development demonstrates that the first three years of a child’s life are extremely critical for her emotional and intellectual growth (Miller, Gore, 2007, p. 140)† which necessitated the need for â€Å"all day kindergarten programs (Miller, Gore, 2007, p. 140). † People involved in it – Educators, psychologists, neuroscientists and different professionals have been involved in the studies leading to this particular discovery and in the creation of a new perspective in kindergarten. â€Å"Today’s early childhood educators recognize children as active learners, not jugs waiting to be filled or blank slates waiting to be written upon (Handelman, Auerbach 2000, p. You read "Brain research and full day kindergarten" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" 4). † Individuals like David Sousa as well as many other professionals came forward in support of this new notion regarding brain development and the need for a whole day kindergarten schedule and the merits of this kind of scheme. Professionals explain that it is understandable why such discovery was only made today because of many important considerations, one of which is the ethical as well as technological considerations on the ability of the human to understand the brain. In the past and without the technology for non-invasive and ethical brain study procedures, scientists are left with the one and only option available for them – to study brains from dead people. This option left them with very limited areas of research and study, and no prospect at all at studying the human brain while it is still alive and in motion. However, because of the current technology and scientific processes and abilities available to scientists today, the brain is now accessible for exploration in such a way that it is not unethical, immoral and non-invasive. This led the scientists to what they recently discovered about dendrite activity and its connection with academic stimulation. b. Practical basis – Besides the scientific basis, there is also the practical basis that was used by parents and educators in approving the full day scheme. This has something to do with the current family and parent socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions. Economy has made it a necessity for both parents to work at the same time. This allows the parents money to send their children to good schools which they hope can look after their children while they are at work. Parents believe that full day kindergarten is like hitting two birds with one stone. First, their child is exposed to extended periods of studying and education and has limited time for other things that are harmful to the child in the long run like watching television, for example. At the same time, parents are more assured of their child’s safety and well being since they are at school, attended by teachers who are trained to handle children. While this does not fully eliminate the use of nanny or a household helper, parents believe that besides the children, parents are also benefited in particular, specific ways through this scheme (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). â€Å"Full day kindergarten was introduced to speak to the needs of the growing number of working parents who wanted their children to be looked after for the whole day (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). † Full day kindergarten today Today, many schools all around the United States, as well as in many other different countries that feature kindergarten in their school and education system, use the all-day or whole day kindergarten scheme. It adheres to the idea presented by scientists, psychologists and educators who believe that exposing children to longer educational experiences at school can help improve the mind and improve the capacity of the individual for learning and mental processes in the future. The full day kindergarten scheme has attracted many supporters who called for the institutionalization of full day kindergarten schemes. Organizations, groups and institutions, such as the Education Commission of the States or simply the ECS (Neal, 2006, p. 117), support the full day kindergarten. The shift from half day to all-day or whole day kindergarten session is not just merely an extension of time, nor was it a quantum leap in the learning experience for the kindergarten. Part of the change in session was the realization that teaching style, educational approach and learning perspectives should also change. It should focus more on the newfound consciousness regarding the learning ability of a child and the importance of maximizing it in the earliest possible time. Because of this, kindergarten changed. From focusing in learning through play in the past, the learning structure of kindergarten became more oriented in structured academic learning. This means that part of the learning experience included learning languages and mathematics as well as other things like color and shape cognition and identification, memorization skills, interpersonal skills, play, even good morals and conduct and religion in other kindergarten schools and institutions (Persky, Golubchick, 1991, p. 263). â€Å"These early kindergarten programs focused on the basic concept that child’s play was significant and that when it was intelligently directed gave impetus to cognitive development (Persky, Golubchick, 1991, p. 263). † From this point, the perspective changed and focused more on academic learning. This move towards change was hinged on the scientific discovery regarding the brain of the child and how in that stage the brain should begin the experience of being harnessed. When the individual grows up and matures, he or she will possess the mental capacity for competitive and capable learning and is suitable for more advanced learning in the future. Today’s full day kindergarten, despite its admirable background and history, is nonetheless facing many different problems as well as criticisms. Professionals involved in this field undertake many different studies to be able to find answers to these problems and to address the different criticisms hurled at the practice of full-day kindergarten. a. Studies regarding all day kindergarten – Authors like Cryan (1992) and Elicker and Mathur (1997) provide the people with materials they can read and refer to when considering full day kindergarten scheme and their opinion about it (Cryan, 1992, p. 187; Elicker and Marthur 1997, p. 459). These authors as well as many other authors have come up with results of studies, research and analysis tackling this matter both in books as well as in peer reviewed journals. Psychologists and educators appear to have undertaken intensive study and research efforts regarding the different aspects of all-day kindergarten so that they can discover new information regarding this practice that can help in determining what new course of action to take with regards to the full-day kindergarten scheme. There are currently numerous published works as well as books and even internet articles about the results of studies and research efforts focused on full day kindergarten. In general, the content of these materials stand in two polar regions. There are those that attest to the positive impact of this scheme; while on the other hand, there are those who present criticisms as well as new areas of investigation which they believe is important. These realms that they identified remain unexplored. This means that full day kindergarten scheme cannot be considered to be fully ideal and suitable, not until all areas of inquiry and possible sources of problem are identified, studied and resolved. b. Criticisms and problems – The full day kindergarten scheme was not without criticisms as well as its own set of problems. Parents are one of the most important groups that can strengthen or derail the progress and practice of full day kindergarten. They also became sources of important criticisms and arguments regarding full day kindergarten scheme. One of the most basic areas of standoff resulting to criticisms of this scheme is the resulting tug of war between parents who want two different things for their children – those who want to keep kindergarten at half day while those who wanted schools to shift to whole day or full day kindergarten (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). â€Å"The introduction of full day kindergarten more than a decade ago has brought to a head an ongoing controversy between parents who want half day program and those who want the full day program (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). † Some parents point out that despite what scientific research claims as the ideal learning time and opportunity, a child is presented and should be exposed to at that age. Parents argue and reason that scientific research, on the other hand, has not fully answered the query regarding the effect to the children of being removed from their biological parents for that long period of time. They still could not explain the effects as well as possible problems that can arise when children are constantly under the care of someone they do not know and does not know the child, even with the fact that they are certified professional and capable educators (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). â€Å"Parents†¦ look at kindergarten in the traditional way and regard full day away from home as too much time for a 5-year old to spend in the care of a non parental adult (Lerner, Jacobs, Wertlieb, 2003, p. 202). † There are also those who pointed out that full day kindergarten does not automatically mean dramatic change in learning and development. The main supporting ideas for the establishment of this kind of approach to kindergarten education is about the scientific claims on improved and increased brain development via academic stimulation. Part of the equation (and an important part) is curriculum, teaching styles and methods as well as other equally important factors like teacher competency, environment. Eden (2008) pointed out in a book that â€Å"providing a full day program for four year olds, for example, has much merit, but not if what is provided is simply watered-down first-grade curriculum (Eden, 2008, p. 214). † Conclusion The work of the forerunners of the concept of kindergarten has come a long way. Today, it is something that appears to have evolved significantly over time, with many different important changes. This includes the change happening during the 90s – the shift from half day to full day kindergarten school time. Like many complex issues in the society, the debate over which between half day and full day kindergarten scheme is better. There is also a debate if full day kindergarten schedule by itself and outside of comparison is ideal for children and their welfare is a topic that is not easily answerable by a yes or a no. There are many gray areas and dark areas that are yet to be discovered and explored so that more answers are available for people to use in this particular decision and position. Nonetheless, the brain development and its connection to education in early childhood is an important breakthrough that can impact education for years. As for kindergarten, the newfound scientific perspective has made it clear that even the humble and previously seemingly non-bearing educational experience which is kindergarten appears to be, after all, something that holds a significant importance in the mental development of the individual. This is something that professionals should look on and design carefully in the future, for the benefit of the child above anyone else. References Cryan, J. (1992). Success outcomes of full day kindergarten: More positive behavior and increased achievement in the years after. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2, 187-203. Eden, S. T. (2008). Play Works: Helping Children Learn Through Play. Indiana: Author House. Elicker, J. and Mathur, S. (1997). What do they do all they? Comprehensive evaluation of a full-day kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 459-480. Handelman, M. S. and Auerbach, J. J. (2000). Jewish Every Day: The Complete Handbook for Early Childhood Teachers. Colorado: Behrman House, Inc. Lerner, R. M. , Jacobs, F. and Wertlieb, D. (2003). Handbook of applied developmental science: promoting positive child, adolescent, and family development through research, policies, and programs, Volume 1. California: SAGE. Miller, J. and Gore, A. (2007). The Compassionate Community: Ten Values to Unite America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Neal, R. G. (2006). The Deserved Collapse of Public Schools. Indiana: Author House. Persky, B. and Goubchick, L. , H. (1991). Early Childhood education. Maryland: University Press of America. How to cite Brain research and full day kindergarten, Essays

Social Stratification Essays (2497 words) - Social Inequality

Social Stratification Social Stratification in South Africa Reba McBride July 29, 2013 Jeremy Bennett SCO 308 Max Weber viewed social stratification from three dimensions: economic class, social status and power (party). According to Weber each of these dimensions had its own stratification: the economic, represented by income and access to goods and services, the social, represented by prestige and honour and the political, represented by power .Unlike Marx Weber paved the way for us to incorporate race and ethnicity dimensions in relation to social stratification. South Africa has always been and still is very much a society divided along racial lines. There has however been a gradual but undeniable shift from a society divided along race under apartheid towards division along economic class post 1994. We can attribute this shift largely to the significant political landscape change but we still need a deeper understanding of the forces driving this shift. This paper will therefore attempt to analyze modern day South African society in relation to Webers model of social stratification with the view establish its validity and relevance in a local context. We are presented by opportunity to perhaps explore impact this shift has had economically. In other words what the impact has been on access to products and services, media, health, education and so forth. The dimension of power and politics was very central to Webers theory, it is therefore natural that we examine the impact the shift from a lily white government to an ANC led regime. According to Weber status honor is normally expressed by the style of life and distinctions can be guaranteed by laws, religion and ethnicity. The penultimate section of this paper will closely examine this dimension and the relevance thereof. Racism and ethnicity is an issue which has ruined the societies and only the African American black skinned people, particularly females have been facing the effects of racism since long. The black skinned females have been tortured by discrimination and racism. (Dovidio,1996). Racism in the United States is a chronic and a pervasive problem that negatively affects individuals, institutions and communities, affecting their favorable functioning and growth in the American society. Racism in America has been portrayed as an expression of controlled institutionalized trends of White power and direct social control serving to subsidiary populace of Color because of their racial group association (Dovidio,1996). Despite the tearing down of racist policies, like segregated schooling, and the realization of policies intended at correcting the disorder of ethnic inequities, such as Affirmative Action, racial discrimination continues to contaminate American society, whether as race-based abho rrence crimes. Social scientists have dedicated a progress of years to value the nature, techniques and possessions of racism (Pierce, 1995). The American system encourages dominance of White Americans in the government structure, judicial systems, and large scale businesses and also in the media, encouraging them with unequal power, dominance and social control, comparative to other race factors. How important is class in modern day South Africa? Very important, I would argue. White South Africans have traditionally derived economic benefit and privilege predominantly on the basis on their ethnicity. By default their race automatically placed them in a superior class position. While there were a very small percentage of black South Africans who were socially upwardly mobile the reality was that being black generally equated to membership in an inferior class. Classes are stratified according to their relations to production and acquisition of goods and services (Weber). Racial discrimination strongly restricted non-whites access to significant economic participation and by default access to certain goods and services pre 1994. We have already established the undeniable shift from race to class in the introduction. Class inequalities in our society are clearly visible, dominant and some argue a possible source for large scale social revolt. The rise of the black middle class h as prompted brands to strategically target that market by positioning themselves accordingly. An obvious example is the presence of billboards advertising high end vehicles and premium alcoholic beverages in townships. So strong is this trend that in a recent radio show, 702 breakfast host John Robbie questioned the relevance of surveys that still segment their findings along racial lines. His words were along this lines why are surveys still conducted along racial