Marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Marketing - Dissertation Example The other section of the literature review concerns cosmetic companies, their practices regarding animal testing, and the history of protests against these companies, which has led to the European Union instituting a marketing ban of companies who animal test and has also led large companies to scale back their animal testing procedures, if not eliminate them altogether. The methodology section explains the different types of research – qualitative, quantitative and secondary – and why secondary research was chosen. In the data analysis portion, the sales of six companies are examined, along with the results of a Google search on these companies. The Google search will determine if the overall â€Å"buzz† for each company is negative or positive, with regards to their animal testing practices. Then, the impact of the positive or negative buzz for each company is determined through the use of Facebook pages, and the fans of pages that are either negative or positi ve for each company’s animal testing practices. ... On the one hand are the researchers, who claim that the tests are necessary so that the cosmetics do not harm human skin or eyes (Takamatsu, 2000, p. 129). On the other hand are the activists who claim that animals have the same rights as humans to be free of pain and fear, and that the tests are unnecessarily cruel(Leslie &Sunstein, 2006, p. 3). Many people undoubtedly fall into some kind of grey area between these positions, recognizing that what is done to animals in these laboratory settings is heinous and wrong, yet also realizing that the potential for humans to suffer permanent damage because of the cosmetics that they wear would also be heinous and wrong. Many people assume that there is a better alternative to animal testing, and, if there is not, one must be found. At any rate, when these types of tests began to be publicized, there was an outcry that prompted many cosmetic giants to fold and promise to stop animal testing(Nye, 2006, p. 1). This study seeks to understand th e negative impact of cosmetic testing on these companies. The study will not just determine what the possible negative impact will be for the companies who continue to animal test, but will determine what has been the past negative impact for other companies who have animal tested. In general, the study will seek to quantify, in terms of dollars, cents and lost reputation, the damage done to cosmetic companies who were shamed into stopping animal testing in the years past. Further, the attitude of consumers is another factor that will be quantified. Some of the literature indicates that having a positive social message is not necessarily enough for a company to capitalize – they also must have a quality product at the right price(Li & Tang, 2010, p. 27). Might this

Corporate & Global Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate & Global Strategy - Case Study Example The study made three important findings. Firstly, Tesco unlike the competitors is focused on cost leadership, generic focus and product differentiation. This has become part of the company's culture. To the company lower cost does not mean lower quality. Secondly, the company's management emphasizes on its core values, lay emphasis on product differentiation and lower cost; that is using the cash cows and stars to reduce the company's question marks. Also, it has been argued in this paper that, the company should enter into exclusive long term relationship with suppliers, co-branding with celebrity, artist and designers to create a unique product. It should be so, because taking a lead of innovation might mean innovation in branding, innovation in product variation and innovation in other formats. Andrews (1997: p. 52) defines corporate strategy as "the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organisation it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities". Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). In the present challenging context of today's global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). Kanter (1995:71) on his work on "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. 1.1TESCO Corporate Strategy This paper focuses on the corporate strategy of TESCO. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, Tesco Plc today, has established itself as the largest super store in Europe. According to the company 2007 corporate report and the website, Tesco PLC is an international retailer. Tesco principal activities include food retailing having over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom. The company also has stores and retail outlet in other countries like the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China (Tesco 2006 Review). Tesco operates 165 International Express stores. In addition it operates 39 stores in China, 111 in Japan, 13 in Malaysia, 62 in South Korea, 6 in Taiwan, 219 in Thailand, 35 in Czech Republic, 87 in Hungary, 105 in Poland, 91 in Republic of Ireland, 37 in Slovakia and 8 in Turkey. (Tesco Annual Review, 2006). It therefore operates

Building Therapeutics Relationships in Forensic Psychology

Building Therapeutics Relationships in Forensic Psychology What interpersonal qualities should a forensic psychologist have that help build therapeutic relationships? Forensic psychology is a branch of criminological psychology; it refers to the knowledge of the understanding, prediction and nature of crime or criminal behaviour (Bull, Davies Westcott, 2003). What defines this psychological practice from others, is that the material produced is usually used within a court of law and during group or individual therapy sessions, with courts commissioning psychologists to create reports indicating the fitness of a defendant on trial, with reference to pre-existing areas of research, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Blackburn, 1996). With recent growth in popularity, due to exposure in certain mainstream television shows and films, such as ‘Silence of the Lambs’ and ‘Cracker’, there has been a recent increase in the amount of individuals looking towards a career within forensic psychology (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). The focus of this essay will be to explore the qualities needed from forensic psychologists and h ow these may have an impact on the relationships created with individuals they help. To understand this question in its basic terms, we will first try to understand a brief history of forensics as a psychological practice, what individuals are likely to expect within this practice, what is skills and requirements are asked of an individual in this trade, what may occur in certain situations wherein these interpersonal qualities are not met and finally the ethical and legal considerations we must make. The history of forensics within a psychological practice may assist in understanding how particular traits have become necessary when treating individuals. One of the first recorded cases of a psychologist giving a professional opinion within a court trial would be that of Albert Schrenk-Notzing in Germany, 1886. Later Hugo Munstering, who gave psychological insight into two murder trials, published some of the earliest forensic psychological resources in 1908 (Haward, 1979; Colman, 1995). In recent years, some state institutions have tried to prohibit females from working within all male prisons in America, as they argue that it is too dangerous for females (Arrigo Shipley, 2005), meaning that although there have been major developments for equality of sexes, there is still some prejudice of females being the weaker gender, both physically and psychologically, within this line of work. This shows us that forensic psychology is a fairly recent phenomenon, with establishments, such a s the British Psychological Association (BPS) recently creating a division devoted to criminal psychology (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). This may mean, that although we have some understanding of the professionalism needed within legal and psychological situations, we may not be fully aware of specific requirements needed of individuals due to the fact that forensic psychology is still in its adolescent stages of development. Some questions posed to forensic psychologists help us gain an insight into what qualities are needed to give an accurate report and to fully express themselves within legal situations. These include, and are not limited to: if they are fit to stand trial, if the testimony is genuine, if the individual has any learning difficulties and if they are malingering (Colman, 1995). This would mean that not only are forensic psychologists required to have a respectful understanding of all parties involved, it is also key that they show qualities of insight, to understand the strengths and limitations of the individual and the tests conducted. Other qualities include an empathetic personality to any personality or learning disorders, tolerance of individuals with uncooperative personalities and an unprejudiced outwardly view of an individual, regardless of their past. To fully understand what is required from a forensic psychologist, it is important to understand this occupation in comparison with others which it is usually mistaken for, such as forensic psychiatry and clinical psychology, as many of the boundaries between these careers are blurred. Clinical psychologists primarily assess the psychological distress of an individual, and through already established methods, try to promote psychological well-being. Forensic psychiatrists have little or no training in professionally administering psychological tests which assess personality and intelligence; they will usually provide evidence based on a clinical interview, which are sometimes regarded more as an opinion than objective data (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). This would mean that individuals within forensic psychology will not only have a broad understanding of particular tests used, but also their limitations and benefits and an open-minded personality on how this may help of the rehab ilitation and support of convicted criminals. Many of the duties involved in being a forensic psychologist require a different set of skills in many situations. Clinical assessments involve interviewing individuals and performing particular psychological test to assess an individual. As previously noted, this requires a broad range of knowledge and understanding of the tests, along with their strengths and weaknesses. The formulation of cases involves the hypothesising of causes, precipitants, and key influences on an individual’s interpersonal and behavioural problems (Eells, 2007); this means that not only is certain degree of open-mindedness needed to understand the individual needs and requirements in certain situations, a forensic psychologist is also required to be supportive and empathetic in nature, whist maintaining a professional attitude of the boundaries put in place by this career. Another duty involves the risk assessment of criminals; this requires a working knowledge of how to predict and manage individual s who seem to pose a risk of committing a criminal act (Appelbaum, Grisso, Monahan, Mulvey, Robbins, Steadman, 2000). This means that a personal understanding of an individual is required during therapeutic sessions, therefore a forensic psychologist should remain professional, whilst being reflective and insightful to build a rapport with those they are trying to help. Undergraduates wishing to undergo this career are notified of the amount of work they will need to do to be able to fulfil this aspiration. A first in a degree supported by the BPS is one of the primary requirement, with few post-graduate training courses taking on those with a 2:1. Secondly, a masters accredited by the BPS in forensic psychology is also necessary, followed by two years of supervised practice in a forensic psychology Stage 2 program, also accredited by the BPS. Alternatively, some universities offer a doctorate programme in forensic psychology, which combine the masters and stage 2 course. Finally, a registration with the Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC) is also required. Just the training for this career path shows us that this is not a job to be considered lightly; due to the amount of time and funding it takes to undergo this path, those applying will need excellent time management skills, along with a desire to fully commit themselves to this lifestyl e; both of these qualities are also used later when they are in a career, meaning that throughout training, you are prepared for some of the challenges we will discuss later. Many individuals which a forensic psychologist encounter, tests both the strengths and limitations of the individual; whilst some therapeutic sessions may conducted in a straight forward manner, others will challenge the way we conduct ourselves, meaning that to fully understand the individual, we must first understand our own limits. There is a wide array of personalities and people which a forensic psychiatrist may treat, for example, adolescent offenders, adult female and male offenders, offenders who are disabled, have behavioural/psychological disorders or learning difficulties and those convicted of criminal acts which may afflict an emotional response from a psychologist (such as arson, stalking and sex offending). Interestingly, there has been a dramatic increase of women sentenced to immediate imprisonment within the UK, as the average female inmate population grew over 173% between 1992 and 2002, whilst male inmate population increased by only 50% (Home Office, 2005). This shows us that as society is changing, we too need to adapt our abilities and skills to treat a new wave of criminal behaviour, as some may be unable to cope or unsure of how to deal with the demands placed on us by dramatic increases such as this. In some instances in which individuals are not prepared for the psychological demands of this career, or do not have the suited interpersonal qualities to facilitate a healthy therapeutic relationship, situations may result negatively for one or both of the parties involved. In June 2009, Margret Burton was murdered by her late patient and partner Jason Hawkins after previously being advised that he should not have been released. This may have been due to a number of factors, as Burton had moved to another country, away from support groups, such as family and friends. Another reason may have been that there was an inadequate system put in place by the institution she was working at to deal with these particular stresses that would have otherwise been noticed. This means that not only is it of upmost importance to understand your individual weaknesses within this industry, it is just as important to understand how to cope and ask for assistance. Another example of an incident regardin g the safety of a forensic psychologist would be that of the murder of Kathryn Faughey, an individual who was murdered by David Tarloff in 2008. Initially, one of her co-workers, Kent Schinbach, was supposed to be targeted, due his diagnosis of schizophrenia in 1991, which in turn led to Tarloff becoming institutionalised. Figures indicate that violence against employees within the mental health sector is not an uncommon occurrence, with over 40% of colleagues reporting a non-fatal violent crime being committed against them between the years 1993 and 1999, and is thought to increase within recent years (Dubin Ning, 2008). This has led to forensic psychologists to understand and undertake safety measures as a part of daily clinical practice, as well as understanding the steps needed to prevent and confront violence within the possible therapy sessions; it also means that in order to deal with these common occurrences, individuals who work within this sector should have a tolerant pe rsonality and professional personality, whilst remaining empathetic and supportive towards their clients. There are many ethical considerations put in place by courts to ensure that confidentiality, consent and other legal obligations to maintain the safety of the individual are upheld within all situations; this requires a particular amount of trust, respect and professionalism from the both the psychologist and law at all times. The legal understanding of the standards of ethics within particular situations is key in undergoing this career, as a majority of the work involves adherence to a specific ethics code put in place by the courts, therefore any psychologist should meet the standard of general practice within both a psychological and legal setting (American Psychological Association, 1991). It may be a surprise to some that informed consent is not legal requirement, as in situations wherein it is ordered by the court it may be overlooked; this means that although an individual may initially reject a psychiatric interview or certain psychometric tests, if the court requests it, fo r example, for the inclusion in a report for use during trail, the right to withdraw will then be withheld (Kalmbach Lyons, 2006). In some cases, the right to withdraw is also held by the examiner, should they feel discomfort, moral obligation to stop or for any reason they feel the individual should not undergo the testing, however a reason is almost always required within this situation. In other scenarios, in which a court feels as if objectivity is being compromised (such as an examiner producing prejudice results or giving a misleading interpretation of an event) will cause the court to reject the statements given and demand that they withdraw from a trial (Bonnie, 1990; Brodsky, 1990). Psychologists who trying to build relationships with those that they are treating would need a high level of understanding of the ethical and legal requirements within the workplace, whilst maintaining an unbiased attitude towards all those involve, as certain personal emotions may result in a loss of objectivity. To conclude, the work and development in the field of forensic psychology has shown great importance, due to the contributions it has made within legal and social settings. The collective work of forensic psychologists has inspired the entertainment industry to create fictitious scenarios, some of which based on real events, which in turn has inspired a new generation of individuals to undergo a career in forensic psychology. With the rise of criminal and violent behaviour within today’s society, there is a welcomed need for these inspired individuals to mould what has already been created and adjust it to the individual and society’s ever changing and complex nature. As noted, a career within this community is not be undertaken without some understanding into the possible risks and hazards involved, such as the likelihood of psychological and physical harm to the individual. This means that those considering a career must first understand their own weaknesses, as shoul d they present themselves during this period of work, it could be detrimental to themselves and those they are treating. The ability to ensure an individual feels comfortable during a personal situation, such as therapy, is arguably one of the most important skills to possess; not only are forensic psychologists required to maintain this trusting and empathetic persona during these sessions, it is of upmost importance that they also understand that a professional, resilient and respectful nature is key, as a lack of these may have detrimental effects on the patient and psychologist alike. Many institutions within the UK have support systems put in place, such as staff supervision, for those at risk or in training which allow individuals to reflect on themselves, and to understand how they may have a major impact on an individual’s wellbeing. References American Psychological Association. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists.(1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665. Appelbaum, P.S., Grisso, T., Monahan, J., Mulvey, E.P., Robbins, P.C., Steadman, H.J. (2000). Developing a clinically useful actuarial tool for assessing violence risk. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 312-319. Arrigo, B. A., Shipley, S. L. (2005). Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Issues and controversies in law, law enforcement and corrections. Blackburn, R. (1996). What is forensic psychology? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. Bonnie, R. J. (1990). Grounds for professional abstention in capital cases. Law and Hu-man Behavior, 14, 99-104. Brodsky, S. L. (1990). Professional ethics and professional morality in the assessment of competence for execution: A response to Bonnie. Buskist, W., Carlson, N., Martin, N. (2000). Psychology: The Science of Human Behaviour . Essex, England: Pearson Education Ltd. Davies, G. M., Bull, R Westcott, H. L. (Eds.). (2003). Childrens testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (Vol. 45). John Wiley Sons. Colman, A.M. (1995). Testifying in Court as an Expert Witness. The British Psychological Society. Dubin W.R, Ning A. Violence toward mental health professionals. In: Simon RI, Tardiff K, eds. (2008). Textbook of Violence Assessment and Management. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Eells, T.D. (2007). Handbook of Psychotherapy Case Formulation (2nd edition). New york: Guilford Press. Haward, L.R.C. (1979). The psychologist as expert witness. In D.P. Farrington., K. Hawkins S.M.A Lloyd-Bostock (eds), psychology, law and legal processes. London: Macmillan. Home Office. (2003). Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System, Section 95 Report, London: Home Office. (2005), Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System, Section 95 Report, London: Home Office. Kalmbach, K. C., Lyons, P. M. (2006). Ethical issues in conducting forensic evaluations. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 2(3), 261-288.

Writing about Love Essay -- Love Poems Poetry Literature Essays

Writing about Love Love poems have always been very popular because love is one of the deepest emotions that people can feel and poetry is a good way to express such an emotion. When people think of love, they think of a typical romantic love but an exploration of pre-1914 love poetry shows other types of love such as unrequited love and obsessive love. The poems I will explore in depth are ‘To his Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvin, ‘The Garden of Love’ by William Blake, and ‘How do I love thee’ by Elizabeth Barrett-Browning. Blake’s poem ‘The Garden of Love’ is his view of being deceived by the perception of marriage. He has shown this by using the Chapel to symbolize marriage. When he gets there he finds ‘Thou shalt not’ written over the door and he thinks this symbolizes restrictions. He uses the language of the Ten Commandments to emphasize this. He also finds a gate around the Chapel, symbolizing yet more restrictions. The tone of the poem is negative and this is unlike the other poems which show a more optimistic view of love. This negative tone is shown by the ‘tombstones’ being where the flowers of the ‘Garden of Love’ should be. This may have been influenced by the fact that Blake was writing in the time of the French Revolution which was a time of great social upheaval and uncertainty. Also this poem is part of Blake’s ‘Songs of Experience’ where he goes back to some earlier ideas and finds hat things that seemed good when he was younger are not so good when you grow older. Another poem with a negative tone is ‘Villegiature’ by Edith Nesbit who was writing after Blake. This poem is not about the restrictions of marriage but about a possible romance that has fallen apart. Blake’s poem seems... ...at if they stay together their love will never die. In Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s ‘How Do I Love Thee?’ there is also use of hyperbole. For example in the last line she says ‘I shall but love thee better after death’ Barrett Browning uses the hyperbole to show romantic love. The love is so strong in this poem it can almost become unrequited love as she almost idolizes this person. Barrett Browning tries to measure her love for this man. The use of repetition of ‘I love thee’ may give a tedious tone to this poem but it really emphasizes her point. As her love in this poem is so large to explain she compares it to situations showing strength or other emotions such as joy, but even sadness is involved from the reference of tears. I think this shows that all her life and after goes into this kind of love not just the good times and it is hard work.

Describe the Possible Effects of Two Major Unpredictable Life Events

Task 3 (p3)- Describe the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable life events on the development of the individual. Major life events- Predictable and unpredictable events Major life events can be positive and negative and can be unpleasant, frightening, confusing and unsafe at times. Unpleasant stuff happens to all of us wether its predictable or unpredictable by feeling in control and able to organise, learning to cope with changes in life, coping with a physical changes. Predicted events of a teenager: When a child is born they are predicted to move on with their life and live it the best possible way they can.Any major changes can influence development positively within their life, as they grow. When they start secondary school they would want to make new friends and cope with the changes that would come ahead of them, which is known as positive learning. However, there could be risks of stress because no-one might let him/her hang around with them or he/she don't fit in with any group which is painful and makes them feel lonely and anxious; sometimes worthless. Perhaps no one listens to them – then he/she feel that no one cares. This may not really be happening but it feels that way and it hurts.They may feel angry at the world and even stay away from the people you know which lowers their self-esteem and confidence in talking to other people again their anger would lead them to end up criticising themself. Thinking too much about it – which a lot of people do – can confuse the child as well, which is not healthy. Another positive learning, during a predicted event, can be when the teen has now become old enough to leave home and has achieved independence and to control thier own personal enviroment, but coping on your own isn't easy.Suddenly the teen don't feel that smart anymore. He/she can become anxious and handling daily stress can become very difficult for them. And if they have had bad experiences in the past (such a s abuse), leaving home can be a ‘last straw' and tip themselves over into difficulties in handling fears. Some even experience loss of family support depending on the reason leaving home. Unpredicted event of an adult: One of the down side of life is things that happen are sometimes not expected and are really hard to go through but some surprises

Working Capital

WORKING CAPITALQ1. Which of the following is the primary most objective of working capital? (MCQ)The difference between current assets & current liabilitiesA balance of having liquid assets to ensure the operation is unaffectedManagement of individual working capital componentsWorking capital analysis using ratios(2 marks) Q2. Calculate the Current Ratio & Quick Ratio using the below information. (MCQ)$000Inventory 200Receivables 670Payables 235Bank loan 85Current Ratio 0.37, Quick Ratio 0.27Current Ratio 0.58, Quick Ratio 0.31Current Ratio 1.76, Quick Ratio 1.54Current Ratio 2.71, Quick Ratio 2.09(2 marks) Q3. Pick Co. sold 20% of its inventory on credit for 10% profit. What will be the effect on the quick ratio & current ratio after the inventory sale, if all else is equal? (MCQ)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (Increase)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (No change)Current Ratio (No change), Quick Ratio (Increase)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (Decrease)(2 marks) Q4. Inkle Co has receivables turnover of 8 times, a payables turnover of 4.5 times and an inventory turnover of 2.25 times. Calculate cash operating cycle assuming 365 days in a year? (MCQ)46 Days81 Days127 Days162 Days(2 marks) Q5. Which of the following TWO statements are correct in relation to working capital policies for a manufacturing company and a food retailer? (MRQ)A manufacturing company will need to invest in raw material and result in large amounts to be owed to its customersA food retailer will have a large inventory of large receivables balanceA manufacturing company needs no accounts receivable policyA food retailer will need to consider inventory management policy (2 marks) Q6. Mafia Co is a manufacturing company and has the following periods. Periods DaysReceivables collection 70Raw material turnover 42Work in progress turnover 14Finished goods turnover 42Payables payment 495334032258000What is the time it takes to complete a working cycle? (FIB) Days(2 marks) Q7. Which of the following best describes the working capital turnover? (MCQ)It measures a company's ability to replace its working capitalIt measures the working capital support to the revenuesIt measures the liquidity position of the companyIt measures the profitability position of the company (2 marks) Q8. Yolo Co. has the following inventories:Raw material $600Work in progress $550Finished goods $700Yolo Co has annual purchases of $5,000 with the cost of sales being $2,000. What are the average inventory days for Yolo Co (366 days in a year)? (FIB)23495-317500Days(2 marks) Q9. A company sells toy machine guns in the USA; it yearly sells 15,000 guns at $60/each. It has to receive $56,000 from its customers. In how many days will the company receive all its payments? (MCQ)10 Days23 Days63 Days98 Days(2 marks) Q10. A delay in payment to the suppliers may result which of the following? (MRQ)Future contracts with the suppliers may be disruptedA discount on late payment will be missedGoodwill in the market will be increasedAn increase in the price of products as a compensation (2 marks) Q11. Which of the following is not a typical symptom of overtrading? (MCQ)A significant increase in revenue A bank overdraft reaching its limit A fall in the quick ratio and the current ratio A fall in trade payables days(2 marks) Q12. A company has very high levels of inventory and high cash balances. This is an indication of? (MCQ)Over-tradingHigh cash operating cycle Over-capitalizationLow working capital cycle (2 marks) Q13. Select whether the following statements are true or false. (HA)An increase in sales revenue should likely to increase the level of working capital invested TRUE FALSEA profitability decrease is an indication that the trade cycle has been increased TRUE FALSEUnder-capitalization is the rapid increase in sales as compared to the invested finance TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q14. Match the following ratios in comparison to identify the over-trading problems. (P;D)A significant increase in sales Customers are paying late than their credit period Current liabilities are in excess of Current assets WORKING CAPITAL GROWTH % QUICK RATIO % INCREASE IN RECEIVABLES(2 marks) Q15. Unto Co is an online sales company which has established its business in the past two years. The CFO has indicated that the company has expanded its business and gained a good market share in these two years but to able to continue further they will need to manage its working capital effectively. Which of the following actions might help overcome Unto Co problems? (MRQ)The shareholders will be asked to inject finance into Unto CoInventory levels should be increased by Unto CoSales of Unto Co should be withheld for some timeRetained profits should be invested back in Unto (2 marks) Q16. An investment policy is the amount of working capital investment needed for a particular company. Which of the following statement related to a conservative policy? (MCQ)Company keeping a low level of inventory will lead an earlier cash operating cycleA lengthy cash operating cycle may lead to high finance costInventory levels ; receivables should be kept at an optimum levelA short cash operating cycle may lead to risky business(2 marks) Q17. Kelp Co has kept its inventory levels at the minimum level from the start of the business. The business was acquired by a competitor and they continued its operation as per their previous owners. In the last three months, the company is unable to meet the supply demands due to a shortage of inventory. The new owner of Kelp Co is unable to recognize the working capital policy. Select the appropriate working capital policy? (MCQ) Conservative investment policyAggressive financing policyAggressive investment policyConservative financing policy(2 marks) Q18. Select the appropriate option. (HA) The efficient management of inventory ; receivables relates to a moderate investment policy TRUE FALSEIf customers pay late to a company this will increase the cash cycle TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q19. A company needs finance to invest in their assets. Select the appropriate asset in relation to working capital financing policy. (P;D)Assets are bought in their respective seasons Assets continue for more than a year Assets present with the company at any given time of the year NON-CURRENT ASSETS PERMANENT CURRENT ASSETS FLUCTUATING CURRENT ASSETS(2 marks) Q20. Which statement best reflects a conservative working capital finance policy? (MCQ)More short-term finance is used because it's riskyMore long-term finance is used because it improves liquidityMore short-term finance is used to purchase inventoryMore long-term finance is used to pay-off payables(2 marks) Q21. Select the following similarities in an Investment & financing working capital policy. (MRQ)The risk of stock out in the policyThe names used in each policyThe use of assets in the policyThe level of inventory in the policy(2 marks) Q22. Which of the following factors could have an influence in working capital? (MRQ)Company credit policies The future growth prospectThe balance of liquidity & profitabilityThe nature of the companyPayable credit policies of suppliers(2 marks) Q23. Which of the following is a benefit in having a decentralized treasury department in a company? (MCQ) The duplication of workThe benefit of bulk discountingThe low-interest rates applied by the bankThe development of skills of managers (2 marks)WORKING CAPITAL (ANSWERS)Q1. BThe difference between current assets & current liabilities (Definition)A balance of having liquid assets to ensure the operation is unaffected (Objective)Management of individual working capital components (One of the aspects of WC)Working capital analysis using ratios (One of the aspects of WC) Q2. DCurrent Ratio = [200+670] à · [235+85] = 2.71Quick Ratio = [670] à · [235+85] = 2.09 Q3. AThe Quick ratio = IncreaseThe inventory sold on credit, all else being equal receivables (current assets) will increase, so the quick ratio will increase.The Current ratio = IncreaseCurrent assets include Inventory & Receivables. The inventory sold for profit, the receivables increase will be more than the decrease in inventory, the net effect will be the increase in current assets, hence ratio increased. Q4. CReceivable days= (365 à · 8) = 46 daysInventory days = (365 à · 2.25) = 162 daysPayable days = (365 à · 4.5) = 81 daysCash operating cycle = (46 + 162) – 81 = 127 days Q5.A manufacturing company will need to invest in raw material and result large amounts to be owed to its customers (Correct)A food retailer will have large inventory with small receivables balanceA manufacturing company needs careful consideration of accounts receivable policyA food retailer will need to consider inventory management policy (Correct)Q6. 119 daysWorking Capital Cycle= (70+42+14+42) – 49 = 119 Q7. BQ8. 91 daysRaw material days = (600 à · 5,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 44 daysWork in progress days = (550 à · 2,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 101 daysFinished goods days = (700 à · 2,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 128 daysAverage days = (44 + 101 + 128) à · 3 = 91 days Q9. BSales = 15,000 Ãâ€" 60 = 900,000 Receivable days = (56,000 à · 900,000) Ãâ€" 365 = 23 days Q10. Future contracts with the suppliers may be disrupted (Correct)A discount on early payment will be missedGoodwill in the market will be decreasedAn increase in the price of products as a compensation (Correct) Q11. DOvertrading is business trying to do too much too quickly with too little long-term capital. The payment period to accounts payable is likely to lengthen (not shorten). Q12. COver-capitalization represents an excessive investment by a business in its current assets. In the case inventory & cash balance both relate to current assets of a business. Q13. An increase in sales revenue should likely to increase the level of working capital invested TRUE A profitability decrease is an indication that the trade cycle has been increased TRUE Under-capitalization is the rapid increase in sales as compared to the invested finance TRUE Q14. A significant increase in sales Working capital growth %Customers are paying late than their credit period % Increase in ReceivablesCurrent liabilities are in excess of Current assets Quick Ratio Q15. The shareholders will be asked to inject finance into Unto Co (Correct)Inventory levels should be managed efficiently by Unto Co Sales of Unto Co should be lowered not withheld completely for some timeRetained profits should be invested back in Unto (Correct) Q16. BIn a conservative policy, the inventory levels & receivables are kept high resulting longer cash operating cycles leading to a need for finance via overdraft facilities. Overdraft results finance cost. Q17. CThe company kept its inventory levels at the minimum having a high risk of stockouts which indicates the Aggressive investment policy was used by Kelp Co.'s previous owners. Q18.The efficient management of inventory ; receivables relates to a moderate investment policy TRUE If customers pay late to a company this will increase the cash cycle TRUE Q19.Assets are bought in their respective seasons FLUCTUATING CURRENT ASSETSAssets continue for more than a year NON-CURRENT ASSETSAssets present with the company at any given time of the year PERMANENT CURRENT ASSETS Q20. BThe conservative policy finances most fluctuating assets with long-term finance and finances all permanent assets with long-term finance. Resulting low risk eventually improving liquidity but decreasing profitability. Q21. The names used in each policy are same only. Q22. All given above are the factors which can influence the working capital Q23. D