Deposit Mobilization Essay

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Study Background For the development of any country, the financial sector of that country is responsible and must be strong. The financial sector is vast field, which comprises of banks, cooperatives, insurance companies, financial companies, stock exchange, foreign exchange markets, mutual funds etc. These institutions collect idle and scattered money from the general public and finally invest in different enterprises of national economy that consequently help in reducing poverty, increase in life style of people, increase employment opportunities and thereby developing the society and country as a whole. Thus, today’s concept, the financial institutions and commercial banks has become one of the bases for the measuring level of economic development of nation. Commercial banks are the main source which motivates people to save their earnings. Bank deals in accepting the saving of people in the form of deposit collection and invest it in the productive area. They give the loan to the people against real and financial assets. They transfer monetary sources from savers to users. In other words, they are intermediate between lender and receiver of fund they mobilize the depositor fund. Whereas in Nepal the role of joint venture banks are still to be realized as an essentials machine of mobilizing internal saving through various banking schemes in the economy. Hence, to uplift the backward economic condition of the country, the process of capital accumulation, among other prerequisites should be expedited. This project report has been prepared as an output of the researcher’s internship experience in Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited. Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Ltd. (NCC Bank) formally registered as Nepal- Bank of Ceylon Ltd. Commenced its operation on 14th October, 1996 as a Joint Venture with Bank of Ceylon, Srilanka. It was the first private sector bank with the largest authorized capital of NRS. 1000 million. The Head Office of the Bank is located at Siddhartha Nagar, Rupandehi, the birthplace of LORD BUDDHA, while its corporate office is placed at Bagbazar, Kathmandu. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Nepal is underdeveloped country and rapid economic development is the basic need of the country. Development by its means is not possible within a short period and it takes a long time for the proper development of a country, it has to build up infrastructure. In Nepal, the process of development started only after 1956 A. D. when the first five year plan came into practice. Capital in fact, plays the leading role for the economic development of a country. But in Nepal, there is shortage of capital. There are various sources of accumulating capital internal and external sources. Under external sources: aid, grants and loans are the main sources. In internal sources: accumulating capital, taxes, public enterprises, public debt are the popular in our country. But due to underdevelopment, poverty, lack of banking knowledge the desired capital for the development of the country cannot be accumulated from those internal sources. So, it can be said that in Nepal’s present situation bank deposit is dependable and permanent sources of capital accumulation. The need of deposit mobilization for economic development of a country is no more to question. But we are facing an acute problem of resources mobilization. We have 32 commercial banks in Nepal which are very much considered to be vital financial institution to mobilize domestic resources. 1.3 Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to examine relationship between the amount of total deposit and amount of total credit granted by the bank. The main objectives of the study are: * To analyze the relationship between deposits and loans and advances. * To analyze the effectiveness of deposit mobilization of the bank. * To examine how far the interest rates of deposits have positive relationship with the deposit collection of the bank. * To measure the impact of interest rates of loan on the credit extended by the bank. * To draw suggestions and recommendations to the concerned bank for the further improvement. 1.4 Significance of the Study Banks and other financial institutions play important role to increase economic standard for the development of the country. Economic development becomes slow if there are incomplete and unfair banking facilities. Especially commercial banks provide different economic and technical facilities to the people who involve in business activities. Commercial banks play major role in collection of scared small savings form depositors and transfer these funds into productive sectors for the economic development. Mainly this study covers the deposit and credit position of commercial bank (NCC), so it helps to reveal the financial position of bank and study occupies an important role in the series of the studies on commercial bank. The significances of the study are: * Important to know how well the bank is utilizing its deposits. * Important to policy formulator and also be useful for academic professionals, students particularly those involves in commerce, CA and financial institutions to formulate policies and plans on the basis of the performance of the bank. * Important to the management party of the bank for the evaluation of the performance of their bank and comparison with other banks. * Important for the investors, customers (depositors, loan takers) and personnel of bank to take various decisions regarding deposits and loan advances. * This study will be equally important to the others who are interested to know about the area. It may encourage to researcher to research further. 1.5 Relevance of the Study Currently, banks are gaining the stakeholders’ belief through their efficient management and professional services and playing an eminent role in the economy. The deposit mobilization for the bank is tough job. So, the study is focused on how the deposits are mobilized by the bank. The study attempts to interlink the financial performance and the deposit mobilization of the bank. The study is expected to be useful to different stakeholders as: 1. The study is expected to be useful to the shareholders as they can analyze the risk relating to credit. 2. The study is expected to be useful to the management bodies of the bank to improve the operations of the bank to add more value to its service 3. The study is expected to be useful to the government body, NRB for further research is the area to formulate and implement new policies and regulations. 4. The study is expected to be useful to the other stakeholders to know the practices made over the deposit mobilization by the bank 5. The study is expected to be useful to analyzes the internal strengths and weaknesses of the bank 6. The study is expected to be useful to anyone who is conducting a bank survey in the related topic. 1.6 Research Questions The study intends to reveal the following issues of deposit mobilization practices by the bank: 1. What is the relationship between deposit and loans and advances? 2. What is the effectiveness of deposit mobilization of the bank? 3. How far the interest rates of deposits have positive relationship with the deposit collection of the bank? 4. What is the increasing or decreasing trend of deposit mobilization of the bank? 1.7 Limitations of the Study As every research has its own limitation, this study is not biased. The research is done for the partial fulfillment of MBA. Therefore, this study has some limitations, which are listed below: * This research study largely depends on the secondary data like annual reports (Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet and Financial Statements). * The study is based on only financial and statistical tools and technology. * The study mainly based on last five years data (2003 to 2008) that are not enough for the statistical calculation and cannot be generalized for entire financial sectors. 1. 8 Organization of the Report Chapter one deals with the general background of the study and the major issues which has governed the overall study, chapter two deals with the nature of Nepal’s banking industry and challenges of banking sector in Nepal, chapter three deals with the qualitative aspect of Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited which gives the introduction of major products and services provided by NCC Bank and new innovative products recently launched by NCC Bank, chapter four deals with presentation and analysis of data and Finally chapter five deals with the findings of the study and the recommendations which have been given to the bank for improving its deposit mobilization. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1Review of Literature Deposit is the sum of money lodged with a bank, discount house or other financial institution. Deposit is nothing more than the assets of an individual which is given to the bank for safe-keeping with an obligation to get something (interest) from it. To a bank these deposits are liabilities. Commercial bank Act 2031 (1974) defines â€Å"Deposits† as the amount deposited in a current, savings or fixed accounts of a bank or financial institution. The deposits are subject to withdrawals by means of cheque on a short notice by customers. There are several restrictions on these deposits, regarding the amount of deposit, number of withdrawal etc. These are considered more as investments and hence they earn some interest. The rate of interest varies depending on the nature of the deposits. The bank attracts deposits from customers by offering different rates of interest and different kinds of facilities. Though the bank plays an important role in influencing the customer to save and open deposit accounts with it, it is ultimately the customer who decides whether s/he should deposit his surplus funds in current deposit a/c, saving deposits or fixed/time deposit a/c. Bank deposits arise in two ways. When the banker receives cash, it credits the customer’s account, it is known as a primary or a simple deposit. People deposit cash in the banking system and thereby convert one form of money, cash, into another form, bank money. They prefer to keep their money in deposit accounts and issue cheques against them to their creditors. Deposits also arise when customers are granted accommodation in the form of loans. When a bank grants a loan to a customer it doesn’t usually pay cash but simply credits the customers account with the amount of loan. Of course, there is nothing that prevents the borrower from withdrawing the entire amount of borrowing in cash but quite often s/he retains the amount with the bank as deposit. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To solve the research problems, few systematic ways are adopted to collect the required data and information. Research methodology refers to the various sequential steps that are to be adopted by a researcher during the course of studying the problem with certain objectives. It shows overall research method from the theoretical aspects to the collection and analysis of the data. This study covers quantitative methodology in a greater extent and also uses the descriptive part based on both technical and logical aspect. This study tries to perform a well designed, quantitative and qualitative research in a very clear and direct way by using both financial and statistical tools. 3.1 Research Design This study is based on a descriptive research design and follows an analytical approach. To achieve the study objectives, the required data are collected from secondary and primary sources and analyzed through the use of different financial and statistical tools. 3.2 Research Tools In order to collect the data, the researcher had visited the bank as an intern for 8 weeks of time period. The tools that are used for the study is through direct observation at the time of internship, and discussions with the officers of the bank in concerned department. 3.3 Data Collection Method The methods of collecting data are primary and secondary. Primary data includes personal observation, informal talk and also interview with officers whereas Secondary data includes Annual report of the bank, published and unpublished documents etc. 3.4 Data Analysis Tools The processed data were analyzed and tested with the financial tools i.e. Ratio Analysis, Trend Analysis, graphs whereas Statistical tools are Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation Analysis, Probable Error (P.E) and Hypothesis Testing. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books * Annual Report of NCC Bank limited 2003/04 – 2007/08. * Kathmandu Frontier Associates (KFA), Professional Banking Course references. * Levin R. I and Rubin D.S. (2008), â€Å"Statistics for Management (7th Ed.)†, Pearson Prentice Hall. New Delhi * Sharma, Pushkar Kumar and Chaudhary, Arun Kumar (2058), â€Å"Statistical Methods†, Kathmandu: Khanal Books Prakashan. * Van Horne, C. James (2005), â€Å"Financial Management and Policy†, (12th Ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall, New Delhi. Websites www.nrb.gov.np www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.nccbank.com.np

L Words in English

L Words in English L Words in English L Words in English By Maeve Maddox One topic on language certain to stir passions is the pronunciation of â€Å"l words† like salmon, almond, palm, and psalm. Charles Elster in his Big Book of Beastly Pronunciations submits reluctantly and ungraciously to the fact that a great many educated English speakers pronounce the â€Å"l† in almond: With so many accepted pronunciations of the word, common sense dictates that the prudent orthoepist, like the circumspect politician, refrain from issuing a dictum and instead defer to regional and personal preference–in common parlance, go with the flow. orthoepist: An expert in orthoepy; a person who studies the pronunciation of words Elster nevertheless maintains that his personal preference, is, well, preferable, pointing out that all of his sources list the AH-mund pronunciation first. He does not budge on alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, and salmon, insisting that to pronounce the â€Å"l† in any of these words is â€Å"beastly.† Both the OED and M-W list the silent â€Å"l† as the first pronunciation and the â€Å"l† pronunciation as a variant for the following words: alms, palm, psalm, and qualm. OED gives only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon, balm, and calm. M-W lists both pronunciations for balm and calm, but only the silent â€Å"l† pronunciation for salmon. Another â€Å"l† word, solder, â€Å"a fusible metallic alloy used for uniting metal surfaces or parts,† is pronounced SOD-er in American English, but SOLE-der in British English. Most of these words had their problematic l’s inserted in the 15th and 16th centuries when scholars thought it important to make words resemble their Latin originals. Salmon, for example, entered English without the l: samoun. Its Latin original was salmon. The â€Å"l† was â€Å"restored,† but the pronunciation did not change. Some other words with â€Å"restored l’s† that no one argues about are: fault, vault, cauldron, and soldier. As far as I’m aware, nobody tries to pronounce them without the â€Å"l.† (In standard English, that is. Caudron still exists in Scots dialect.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Hyper and HypoEspecially vs. Specially

Although continued industrial development is important and Essay

Although continued industrial development is important and inevitable,companies must take care of the environment in the process - Essay Example Environment protection is the method of preserving the natural environment regarding the interests of the stakeholders, including customers, employees, government and the other influencing bodies with utmost priority. It has often been argued in this regard that the pressure of over-population (allegedly encouraged by business sector growth within a given region) and continuous industrial development acts as the main determinants of environmental degradation (Tamazian and Rao 4-6). Subsequently, such external pressures in terms of the social responsibilities of the corporate bodies have recently been motivating them to go greener by lessening their rate of environmental degradation and at the same time, ensuring continuous growth to meet the customer demand to achieve economic development. Hence, a two way prolonged approach has to be followed in parallel by companies in the modern era. By following steps like switching from non-renewable sources of energy to renewable sources, targe ting cleaner and hygienic production procedures, reusing wastes and implementing strategies that focus on environment friendly product designing, an organization can easily maintain the sustainable growth (Koh, Ghazoul, Butler, Laurance, Sodhi, Mateo-Vega and Bradshaw 67-71). THESIS STATEMENT As can be observed from the above discussion, companies are certainly witnessing pressure to consider environmental sustainability with almost equal and even at times with more importance than their profitability concerns, in the advent of continuous industrial development. This thesis will correspondingly, aim at assessing the need for taking environmental care measures by companies and the associated challenges, by synthesizing on the argument that â€Å"Although continued industrial development is important and inevitable, companies must take care of the environment in the process†. NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CARE FOR COMPANIES IN CONTINUED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT The series of debates emp hasizing industrial development implications on the natural environment in the forms of deforestation, climate change as well as air and water pollution has apparently contributed to the need for environmental care within the modern organizations (Esty & Winston 7-12). From a generalized point of view, it has been argued in the recent era that as a consequence of industrial development at a rapid and a continuous rate, need for resources among companies have also increased manifolds. In order to suffice this growing need for resources, especially energy resources and natural ingredients, companies have been sourcing large amounts of these assets from the environment. Such extractions have further resulted in various environmental challenges, majorly attributed in the form of climate change, unsustainable minimization of natural resources and imbalances in the biological cycle on earth (Esty & Winston 35-40). For instance, Geist and Lambin argues that the major proximate causes of en vironmental degradation through deforestation as a consequence of industrial development are unplanned agricultural expansion, irresponsible wood extraction and infrastructural expansion through building roadways and city areas in support of urbanization as observable in Africa, Asia and Latin America (5-15). Subsequently, these risk factors have been inhibiting the stability of the

No need for topic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

No need for topic - Case Study Example The report further notes that strong economic growth has continued to boost the resilience of global financial markets, as well as UK’s financial market. Additionally, concerns related to tail risks have reduced within the global financial markets (Financial Policy Committee 7). Some of the key challenges for the UK economy include economic recovery from the financial crisis of 2007-2008, improving long-term growth potential, and minimizing inequality (OECD 1). Economic performance in the UK was strong between 1997 and 2007, with GDP per capita expanding at a faster rate than any other G6 country. The post-recession period had a significant negative impact on all OECD countries with the UK performing worse than average. However, over the period between 1997 and 2011, productivity growth in the UK was second to the US and gross domestic product (GDP) per worker was similar to other OECD countries. On the other hand, productivity levels (GDP) per hour is still below the US, France, and Germany, while the rate of employment is similar to the US and greater than continental Europe (Pessoa & Van Reenen 1). According to Rhodes 3), UK’s economy grew for the first three quarters of 2013. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 0.8% in the third quarter of 2013, compared with the second quarter of 2013. GDP is currently 2.0% below its peak in the first quarter of 2008. This has been the most prolonged period of GDP growth since the first three quarters of 2011 (Rhodes 3). The annual rate of inflation (CPI) as at November 2013 stood at 2.1%, a decrease from 2.2% the previous month. Rhodes (3) has noted that the Bank of England’s target is to get the inflation rate (CPI) as low as 2%. The rate of employment stood at 72.0% as at October 2013, while the unemployment rate was 7.4%, which was a decrease of approximately 99,000 people (Rhodes 3). In a series of meetings since October 2008 to March 2009, the Bank of

Marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Marketing - Dissertation Example The other section of the literature review concerns cosmetic companies, their practices regarding animal testing, and the history of protests against these companies, which has led to the European Union instituting a marketing ban of companies who animal test and has also led large companies to scale back their animal testing procedures, if not eliminate them altogether. The methodology section explains the different types of research – qualitative, quantitative and secondary – and why secondary research was chosen. In the data analysis portion, the sales of six companies are examined, along with the results of a Google search on these companies. The Google search will determine if the overall â€Å"buzz† for each company is negative or positive, with regards to their animal testing practices. Then, the impact of the positive or negative buzz for each company is determined through the use of Facebook pages, and the fans of pages that are either negative or positi ve for each company’s animal testing practices. ... On the one hand are the researchers, who claim that the tests are necessary so that the cosmetics do not harm human skin or eyes (Takamatsu, 2000, p. 129). On the other hand are the activists who claim that animals have the same rights as humans to be free of pain and fear, and that the tests are unnecessarily cruel(Leslie &Sunstein, 2006, p. 3). Many people undoubtedly fall into some kind of grey area between these positions, recognizing that what is done to animals in these laboratory settings is heinous and wrong, yet also realizing that the potential for humans to suffer permanent damage because of the cosmetics that they wear would also be heinous and wrong. Many people assume that there is a better alternative to animal testing, and, if there is not, one must be found. At any rate, when these types of tests began to be publicized, there was an outcry that prompted many cosmetic giants to fold and promise to stop animal testing(Nye, 2006, p. 1). This study seeks to understand th e negative impact of cosmetic testing on these companies. The study will not just determine what the possible negative impact will be for the companies who continue to animal test, but will determine what has been the past negative impact for other companies who have animal tested. In general, the study will seek to quantify, in terms of dollars, cents and lost reputation, the damage done to cosmetic companies who were shamed into stopping animal testing in the years past. Further, the attitude of consumers is another factor that will be quantified. Some of the literature indicates that having a positive social message is not necessarily enough for a company to capitalize – they also must have a quality product at the right price(Li & Tang, 2010, p. 27). Might this

Corporate & Global Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate & Global Strategy - Case Study Example The study made three important findings. Firstly, Tesco unlike the competitors is focused on cost leadership, generic focus and product differentiation. This has become part of the company's culture. To the company lower cost does not mean lower quality. Secondly, the company's management emphasizes on its core values, lay emphasis on product differentiation and lower cost; that is using the cash cows and stars to reduce the company's question marks. Also, it has been argued in this paper that, the company should enter into exclusive long term relationship with suppliers, co-branding with celebrity, artist and designers to create a unique product. It should be so, because taking a lead of innovation might mean innovation in branding, innovation in product variation and innovation in other formats. Andrews (1997: p. 52) defines corporate strategy as "the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organisation it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities". Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). In the present challenging context of today's global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). Kanter (1995:71) on his work on "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. 1.1TESCO Corporate Strategy This paper focuses on the corporate strategy of TESCO. Founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, Tesco Plc today, has established itself as the largest super store in Europe. According to the company 2007 corporate report and the website, Tesco PLC is an international retailer. Tesco principal activities include food retailing having over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom. The company also has stores and retail outlet in other countries like the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China (Tesco 2006 Review). Tesco operates 165 International Express stores. In addition it operates 39 stores in China, 111 in Japan, 13 in Malaysia, 62 in South Korea, 6 in Taiwan, 219 in Thailand, 35 in Czech Republic, 87 in Hungary, 105 in Poland, 91 in Republic of Ireland, 37 in Slovakia and 8 in Turkey. (Tesco Annual Review, 2006). It therefore operates

Building Therapeutics Relationships in Forensic Psychology

Building Therapeutics Relationships in Forensic Psychology What interpersonal qualities should a forensic psychologist have that help build therapeutic relationships? Forensic psychology is a branch of criminological psychology; it refers to the knowledge of the understanding, prediction and nature of crime or criminal behaviour (Bull, Davies Westcott, 2003). What defines this psychological practice from others, is that the material produced is usually used within a court of law and during group or individual therapy sessions, with courts commissioning psychologists to create reports indicating the fitness of a defendant on trial, with reference to pre-existing areas of research, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Blackburn, 1996). With recent growth in popularity, due to exposure in certain mainstream television shows and films, such as ‘Silence of the Lambs’ and ‘Cracker’, there has been a recent increase in the amount of individuals looking towards a career within forensic psychology (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). The focus of this essay will be to explore the qualities needed from forensic psychologists and h ow these may have an impact on the relationships created with individuals they help. To understand this question in its basic terms, we will first try to understand a brief history of forensics as a psychological practice, what individuals are likely to expect within this practice, what is skills and requirements are asked of an individual in this trade, what may occur in certain situations wherein these interpersonal qualities are not met and finally the ethical and legal considerations we must make. The history of forensics within a psychological practice may assist in understanding how particular traits have become necessary when treating individuals. One of the first recorded cases of a psychologist giving a professional opinion within a court trial would be that of Albert Schrenk-Notzing in Germany, 1886. Later Hugo Munstering, who gave psychological insight into two murder trials, published some of the earliest forensic psychological resources in 1908 (Haward, 1979; Colman, 1995). In recent years, some state institutions have tried to prohibit females from working within all male prisons in America, as they argue that it is too dangerous for females (Arrigo Shipley, 2005), meaning that although there have been major developments for equality of sexes, there is still some prejudice of females being the weaker gender, both physically and psychologically, within this line of work. This shows us that forensic psychology is a fairly recent phenomenon, with establishments, such a s the British Psychological Association (BPS) recently creating a division devoted to criminal psychology (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). This may mean, that although we have some understanding of the professionalism needed within legal and psychological situations, we may not be fully aware of specific requirements needed of individuals due to the fact that forensic psychology is still in its adolescent stages of development. Some questions posed to forensic psychologists help us gain an insight into what qualities are needed to give an accurate report and to fully express themselves within legal situations. These include, and are not limited to: if they are fit to stand trial, if the testimony is genuine, if the individual has any learning difficulties and if they are malingering (Colman, 1995). This would mean that not only are forensic psychologists required to have a respectful understanding of all parties involved, it is also key that they show qualities of insight, to understand the strengths and limitations of the individual and the tests conducted. Other qualities include an empathetic personality to any personality or learning disorders, tolerance of individuals with uncooperative personalities and an unprejudiced outwardly view of an individual, regardless of their past. To fully understand what is required from a forensic psychologist, it is important to understand this occupation in comparison with others which it is usually mistaken for, such as forensic psychiatry and clinical psychology, as many of the boundaries between these careers are blurred. Clinical psychologists primarily assess the psychological distress of an individual, and through already established methods, try to promote psychological well-being. Forensic psychiatrists have little or no training in professionally administering psychological tests which assess personality and intelligence; they will usually provide evidence based on a clinical interview, which are sometimes regarded more as an opinion than objective data (Buskist, Carlson Martin, 2000). This would mean that individuals within forensic psychology will not only have a broad understanding of particular tests used, but also their limitations and benefits and an open-minded personality on how this may help of the rehab ilitation and support of convicted criminals. Many of the duties involved in being a forensic psychologist require a different set of skills in many situations. Clinical assessments involve interviewing individuals and performing particular psychological test to assess an individual. As previously noted, this requires a broad range of knowledge and understanding of the tests, along with their strengths and weaknesses. The formulation of cases involves the hypothesising of causes, precipitants, and key influences on an individual’s interpersonal and behavioural problems (Eells, 2007); this means that not only is certain degree of open-mindedness needed to understand the individual needs and requirements in certain situations, a forensic psychologist is also required to be supportive and empathetic in nature, whist maintaining a professional attitude of the boundaries put in place by this career. Another duty involves the risk assessment of criminals; this requires a working knowledge of how to predict and manage individual s who seem to pose a risk of committing a criminal act (Appelbaum, Grisso, Monahan, Mulvey, Robbins, Steadman, 2000). This means that a personal understanding of an individual is required during therapeutic sessions, therefore a forensic psychologist should remain professional, whilst being reflective and insightful to build a rapport with those they are trying to help. Undergraduates wishing to undergo this career are notified of the amount of work they will need to do to be able to fulfil this aspiration. A first in a degree supported by the BPS is one of the primary requirement, with few post-graduate training courses taking on those with a 2:1. Secondly, a masters accredited by the BPS in forensic psychology is also necessary, followed by two years of supervised practice in a forensic psychology Stage 2 program, also accredited by the BPS. Alternatively, some universities offer a doctorate programme in forensic psychology, which combine the masters and stage 2 course. Finally, a registration with the Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC) is also required. Just the training for this career path shows us that this is not a job to be considered lightly; due to the amount of time and funding it takes to undergo this path, those applying will need excellent time management skills, along with a desire to fully commit themselves to this lifestyl e; both of these qualities are also used later when they are in a career, meaning that throughout training, you are prepared for some of the challenges we will discuss later. Many individuals which a forensic psychologist encounter, tests both the strengths and limitations of the individual; whilst some therapeutic sessions may conducted in a straight forward manner, others will challenge the way we conduct ourselves, meaning that to fully understand the individual, we must first understand our own limits. There is a wide array of personalities and people which a forensic psychiatrist may treat, for example, adolescent offenders, adult female and male offenders, offenders who are disabled, have behavioural/psychological disorders or learning difficulties and those convicted of criminal acts which may afflict an emotional response from a psychologist (such as arson, stalking and sex offending). Interestingly, there has been a dramatic increase of women sentenced to immediate imprisonment within the UK, as the average female inmate population grew over 173% between 1992 and 2002, whilst male inmate population increased by only 50% (Home Office, 2005). This shows us that as society is changing, we too need to adapt our abilities and skills to treat a new wave of criminal behaviour, as some may be unable to cope or unsure of how to deal with the demands placed on us by dramatic increases such as this. In some instances in which individuals are not prepared for the psychological demands of this career, or do not have the suited interpersonal qualities to facilitate a healthy therapeutic relationship, situations may result negatively for one or both of the parties involved. In June 2009, Margret Burton was murdered by her late patient and partner Jason Hawkins after previously being advised that he should not have been released. This may have been due to a number of factors, as Burton had moved to another country, away from support groups, such as family and friends. Another reason may have been that there was an inadequate system put in place by the institution she was working at to deal with these particular stresses that would have otherwise been noticed. This means that not only is it of upmost importance to understand your individual weaknesses within this industry, it is just as important to understand how to cope and ask for assistance. Another example of an incident regardin g the safety of a forensic psychologist would be that of the murder of Kathryn Faughey, an individual who was murdered by David Tarloff in 2008. Initially, one of her co-workers, Kent Schinbach, was supposed to be targeted, due his diagnosis of schizophrenia in 1991, which in turn led to Tarloff becoming institutionalised. Figures indicate that violence against employees within the mental health sector is not an uncommon occurrence, with over 40% of colleagues reporting a non-fatal violent crime being committed against them between the years 1993 and 1999, and is thought to increase within recent years (Dubin Ning, 2008). This has led to forensic psychologists to understand and undertake safety measures as a part of daily clinical practice, as well as understanding the steps needed to prevent and confront violence within the possible therapy sessions; it also means that in order to deal with these common occurrences, individuals who work within this sector should have a tolerant pe rsonality and professional personality, whilst remaining empathetic and supportive towards their clients. There are many ethical considerations put in place by courts to ensure that confidentiality, consent and other legal obligations to maintain the safety of the individual are upheld within all situations; this requires a particular amount of trust, respect and professionalism from the both the psychologist and law at all times. The legal understanding of the standards of ethics within particular situations is key in undergoing this career, as a majority of the work involves adherence to a specific ethics code put in place by the courts, therefore any psychologist should meet the standard of general practice within both a psychological and legal setting (American Psychological Association, 1991). It may be a surprise to some that informed consent is not legal requirement, as in situations wherein it is ordered by the court it may be overlooked; this means that although an individual may initially reject a psychiatric interview or certain psychometric tests, if the court requests it, fo r example, for the inclusion in a report for use during trail, the right to withdraw will then be withheld (Kalmbach Lyons, 2006). In some cases, the right to withdraw is also held by the examiner, should they feel discomfort, moral obligation to stop or for any reason they feel the individual should not undergo the testing, however a reason is almost always required within this situation. In other scenarios, in which a court feels as if objectivity is being compromised (such as an examiner producing prejudice results or giving a misleading interpretation of an event) will cause the court to reject the statements given and demand that they withdraw from a trial (Bonnie, 1990; Brodsky, 1990). Psychologists who trying to build relationships with those that they are treating would need a high level of understanding of the ethical and legal requirements within the workplace, whilst maintaining an unbiased attitude towards all those involve, as certain personal emotions may result in a loss of objectivity. To conclude, the work and development in the field of forensic psychology has shown great importance, due to the contributions it has made within legal and social settings. The collective work of forensic psychologists has inspired the entertainment industry to create fictitious scenarios, some of which based on real events, which in turn has inspired a new generation of individuals to undergo a career in forensic psychology. With the rise of criminal and violent behaviour within today’s society, there is a welcomed need for these inspired individuals to mould what has already been created and adjust it to the individual and society’s ever changing and complex nature. As noted, a career within this community is not be undertaken without some understanding into the possible risks and hazards involved, such as the likelihood of psychological and physical harm to the individual. This means that those considering a career must first understand their own weaknesses, as shoul d they present themselves during this period of work, it could be detrimental to themselves and those they are treating. The ability to ensure an individual feels comfortable during a personal situation, such as therapy, is arguably one of the most important skills to possess; not only are forensic psychologists required to maintain this trusting and empathetic persona during these sessions, it is of upmost importance that they also understand that a professional, resilient and respectful nature is key, as a lack of these may have detrimental effects on the patient and psychologist alike. Many institutions within the UK have support systems put in place, such as staff supervision, for those at risk or in training which allow individuals to reflect on themselves, and to understand how they may have a major impact on an individual’s wellbeing. References American Psychological Association. 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